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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §5.37.1-5.37.4

Mining Comparison and Archimedean Screw Drainage

Passage 359 of 406 · Greek

Summary

The text contrasts the mines of Spain with those of Attica, explaining how Archimedes' screw-pump is highly effectively used to drain underground water encountered in Spanish mining.

§5.37.1μεγάλην δʼ ἔχει παραλλαγὴν τὰ μέταλλα ταῦτα συγκρινόμενα τοῖς κατὰ τὴν Ἀττικήν.
These mines present a great contrast when compared with those in Attica.
ἐκεῖνα μὲν γὰρ οἱ μεταλλεύοντες καὶ πρὸς ταῖς ἐργασίαις μεγάλας προϊέμενοι δαπάνας ἃ μὲν ἤλπισαν ἐνίοτε λαβεῖν οὐκ ἔλαβον, ἃ δʼ εἶχον ἀπέβαλον, ὥστε δοκεῖν αὐτοὺς ὥσπερ αἰνίγματος τρόπον ἀτυχεῖν·
For those who mine there, though they incur great expenses for their operations, sometimes fail to get what they expected to acquire, and lose what they already possessed, so that they seem to suffer misfortune in the manner of a riddle.
§5.37.2οἱ δὲ κατὰ τὴν Σπανίαν μεταλλουργοὶ ταῖς ἐλπίσι μεγάλους σωρεύουσι πλούτους ἐκ τούτων τῶν ἐργασιῶν.
On the other hand, the miners in Spain, in accordance with their hopes, amass great wealth from these operations.
τῶν γὰρ πρώτων ἔργων ἐπιτυγχανομένων διὰ τὴν τῆς γῆς εἰς τοῦτο τὸ γένος ἀρετὴν ἀεὶ μᾶλλον εὑρίσκουσι λαμπροτέρας φλέβας, γεμούσας ἀργύρου τε καὶ χρυσοῦ·
For since their first undertakings succeed because of the excellence of the earth in this respect, they constantly find more brilliant veins, full of both silver and gold.
πᾶσα γὰρ ἡ σύνεγγυς γῆ διαπέπλεκται πολυμερῶς τοῖς ἑλιγμοῖς τῶν ῥάβδων.
For all the neighboring earth is intricately interwoven with the winding courses of the veins.
§5.37.3ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ κατὰ βάθους ἐμπίπτουσι ποταμοῖς ῥέουσιν ὑπὸ τὴν γῆν, ὧν τῆς βίας περιγίνονται διακόπτοντες τὰς ῥύσεις αὐτῶν τὰς ἐμπιπτούσας τοῖς ὀρύγμασι πλαγίοις.
And sometimes deep down they encounter rivers flowing under the earth, but they overcome their force by cutting off their flows, which break into the diggings, by means of side-tunnels.
ταῖς γὰρ ἀδιαψεύστοις τοῦ κέρδους προσδοκίαις πιεζόμενοι πρὸς τὸ τέλος ἄγουσι τὰς ἰδίας ἐπιβολάς, καὶ τὸ πάντων παραδοξότατον, ἀπαρύτουσι τὰς ῥύσεις τῶν ὑδάτων τοῖς Αἰγυπτιακοῖς λεγομένοις κοχλίαις, οὓς Ἀρχιμήδης ὁ Συρακόσιος εὗρεν, ὅτε παρέβαλεν εἰς Αἴγυπτον·
For, driven by their unerring expectations of profit, they carry their undertakings to completion; and, what is most paradoxical of all, they drain the flows of water by means of the so-called Egyptian screws, which Archimedes of Syracuse invented when he visited Egypt.
διὰ δὲ τούτων συνεχῶς ἐκ διαδοχῆς παραδιδόντες μέχρι τοῦ στομίου, τὸν τῶν μετάλλων τόπον ἀναξηραίνουσι καὶ κατασκευάζουσιν εὔθετον πρὸς τὴν τῆς ἐργασίας πραγματείαν.
By means of these, handing the water on continuously in succession up to the mouth of the shaft, they dry up the mining area and make it suitable for carrying out their work.
§5.37.4φιλοτέχνου δʼ ὄντος τοῦ ὀργάνου καθʼ ὑπερβολήν, διὰ τῆς τυχούσης ἐργασίας ἄπλατον ὕδωρ ἀναρριπτεῖται παραδόξως, καὶ πᾶν τὸ ποτάμιον ῥεῦμα ῥᾳδίως ἐκ βυθοῦ πρὸς τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν ἐκχεῖται.
Since the device is exceedingly ingenious, by means of ordinary labor an immense amount of water is, surprisingly, thrown up, and the whole river-like stream is easily discharged from the depths to the surface.
θαυμάσαι δʼ ἄν τις εἰκότως τοῦ τεχνίτου τὴν ἐπίνοιαν οὐ μόνον ἐν τούτοις, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν ἄλλοις πολλοῖς καὶ μείζοσι, διαβεβοημένοις κατὰ πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουμένην, περὶ ὧν τὰ κατὰ μέρος ὅταν ἐπὶ τὴν Ἀρχιμήδους ἡλικίαν ἔλθωμεν ἀκριβῶς διέξιμεν.
One might reasonably admire the ingenuity of the craftsman not only in these matters but also in many other and greater things, which are celebrated throughout the entire inhabited world; concerning which we shall recount the details with accuracy when we come to the age of Archimedes.

Notes

  1. 5.37.1ὥσπερ αἰνίγματος τρόπον — "as if in the manner of a riddle." A proverbial or metaphorical reference to the paradoxical situation of mining in Attica, where people spend great sums only to fail to get what they expected and lose even what they previously possessed, akin to a riddle where one loses what one seeks.
  2. 5.37.3ὧν τῆς βίας περιγίνονται — The antecedent of the relative pronoun `ὧν` is `ποταμοῖς` in the preceding clause. The genitive `ὧν` modifies `τῆς βίας`, and the verb `περιγίνονται` (to overcome) governs this whole genitive structure.
  3. 5.37.3πλαγίοις — The adjective `πλαγίοις` (lateral, oblique) modifies `τοῖς ὀρύγμασι` (diggings, shafts). It indicates bypass channels or side-tunnels dug laterally or obliquely to divert the incoming water flow.
  4. 5.37.3ἐκ διαδοχῆς — A prepositional phrase meaning "in succession" or "by turns." Here it describes the relay-like system in which multiple Archimedean screws are arranged in series to transfer the water continuously stage by stage up to the mouth of the shaft.

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §5.37.1-5.37.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc5:5.37.1-5.37.4

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