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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §4.77.1-4.77.9

Construction of the Labyrinth and the Flight of Daedalus and Icarus

Passage 313 of 406 · Greek

Summary

Daedalus serves King Minos in Crete, but aids Pasiphae's illicit passion, resulting in the birth of the Minotaur and the construction of the Labyrinth. Fearing the king's anger, Daedalus escapes the island by flying with wings made of wax alongside his son Icarus, who falls to his death, while Daedalus successfully reaches Sicily.

§4.77.1μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα διαδρὰς εἰς Κρήτην, καὶ διὰ τὴν ἐν τῇ τέχνῃ δόξαν θαυμαζόμενος, φίλος ἐγένετο Μίνωος τοῦ βασιλέως.
After this, having escaped to Crete, and being admired because of his fame in the craft, he became a friend of King Minos.
κατὰ δὲ τὸν παραδεδομένον μῦθον Πασιφάης τῆς Μίνωος γυναικὸς ἐρασθείσης τοῦ ταύρου, μηχάνημα ποιήσας ὡμοιωμένον βοΐ συνήργησε τῇ Πασιφάῃ πρὸς τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν.
According to the traditional myth, when Pasiphae, the wife of Minos, fell in love with the bull, Daedalus fashioned a device resembling a cow and aided Pasiphae in her desire.
§4.77.2μυθολογοῦσι γὰρ πρὸ τούτων τῶν χρόνων Μίνωα κατʼ ἐνιαυτὸν συνήθως καθιεροῦν τὸν κάλλιστον τῶν γινομένων ταύρων τῷ Ποσειδῶνι καὶ θύειν τοῦτον τῷ θεῷ· γενομένου δὲ τότε ταύρου κάλλει διαφέροντος ἕτερον τῶν ἡττόνων ταύρων θῦσαι· τὸν δὲ Ποσειδῶνα μηνίσαντα τῷ Μίνῳ ποιῆσαι τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ Πασιφάην ἐρασθῆναι τοῦ ταύρου.
For they relate as a myth that, before these times, Minos was accustomed annually to dedicate the most beautiful of the bulls that were born to Poseidon and to sacrifice this to the god; but when at that time a bull was born surpassing others in beauty, he sacrificed another of the inferior bulls; and Poseidon, being angered at Minos, caused his wife Pasiphae to fall in love with the bull.
§4.77.3διὰ δὲ τῆς τούτου φιλοτεχνίας τὴν Πασιφάην μιγεῖσαν τῷ ταύρῳ γεννῆσαι τὸν μυθολογούμενον Μινώταυρον.
And through his artistic skill, Pasiphae, having united with the bull, gave birth to the mythological Minotaur.
τοῦτον δέ φασι διφυῆ γεγονέναι, καὶ τὰ μὲν ἀνώτερα μέρη τοῦ σώματος ἄχρι τῶν ὤμων ἔχειν ταύρου, τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ ἀνθρώπου.
They say that this creature was of double form, having the upper parts of the body as far as the shoulders of a bull, and the remaining parts of a man.
§4.77.4τῷ δὲ τέρατι τούτῳ πρὸς διατροφὴν λέγεται κατασκευάσαι Δαίδαλον λαβύρινθον, τὰς διεξόδους σκολιὰς ἔχοντα καὶ τοῖς ἀπείροις δυσευρέτους, ἐν ᾧ τρεφόμενον τὸν Μινώταυρον τοὺς ἐξ Ἀθηνῶν ἀποστελλομένους ἑπτὰ κόρους καὶ κόρας κατεσθίειν, περὶ ὧν προειρήκαμεν.
For this monster, it is said that Daedalus constructed for its support a labyrinth, which had winding passages and was difficult for the inexperienced to find a way through, in which the Minotaur, being kept, devoured the seven boys and girls sent from Athens, concerning whom we have spoken before.
§4.77.5τὸν οὖν Δαίδαλον πυθόμενον τὴν ἀπειλὴν τοῦ Μίνωος διὰ τὴν κατασκευὴν τῆς βοός φασι φοβηθέντα τὴν ὀργὴν τοῦ βασιλέως ἐκ τῆς Κρήτης ἐκπλεῦσαι, συνεργούσης τῆς Πασιφάης καὶ πλοῖον δούσης πρὸς τὸν ἔκπλουν.
They say, then, that Daedalus, having learned of the threat of Minos because of the construction of the cow, and fearing the anger of the king, sailed away from Crete, with the assistance of Pasiphae, who gave him a vessel for his escape.
§4.77.6μετὰ δὲ τούτου τὸν υἱὸν Ἴκαρον φυγόντα κατενεχθῆναι πρός τινα νῆσον πελαγίαν, πρὸς ἣν τὸν Ἴκαρον παραβόλως ἀποβαίνοντα πεσεῖν εἰς θάλατταν καὶ τελευτῆσαι, ἀφʼ οὗ καὶ τὸ πέλαγος Ἰκάριον ὀνομασθῆναι καὶ τὴν νῆσον Ἰκαρίαν κληθῆναι.
And fleeing with him, his son Icarus was carried down to a certain island in the open sea, where, as Icarus was making a hazardous landing, he fell into the sea and perished, from whom both the sea was named Icarian and the island was called Icaria.
τὸν δὲ Δαίδαλον ἐκ τῆς νήσου ταύτης ἐκπλεύσαντα κατενεχθῆναι τῆς Σικελίας πρὸς χώραν ἧς βασιλεύοντα Κώκαλον ἀναλαβεῖν τὸν Δαίδαλον, καὶ διὰ τὴν εὐφυΐαν καὶ δόξαν ποιήσασθαι φίλον ἐπὶ πλέον.
But Daedalus, sailing away from this island, was carried down to a region of Sicily, where Cocalus, who was ruling as king, received Daedalus and, on account of his genius and fame, made him a close friend.
§4.77.7τινὲς δὲ μυθολογοῦσι, κατὰ τὴν Κρήτην ἔτι Δαιδάλου διατρίβοντος καὶ ὑπὸ τῆς Πασιφάης κρυπτομένου, Μίνωα μὲν τὸν βασιλέα βουλόμενον τιμωρίας ἀξιῶσαι τὸν Δαίδαλον, καὶ μὴ δυνάμενον εὑρεῖν, τά τε πλοῖα πάντα τὰ κατὰ τὴν νῆσον ἐρευνᾶν καὶ χρημάτων πλῆθος ἐπαγγέλλεσθαι δώσειν τῷ τὸν Δαίδαλον ἀνευρόντι.
But some relate the myth that, while Daedalus was still staying in Crete and being hidden by Pasiphae, King Minos, wishing to punish Daedalus and being unable to find him, searched all the vessels throughout the island and promised to give a great sum of money to the one who found Daedalus.
§4.77.8ἐνταῦθα τὸν Δαίδαλον ἀπογνόντα τὸν διὰ τῶν πλοίων δρασμόν, κατασκευάσαι παραδόξως πτέρυγας πεφιλοτεχνημένας καὶ διὰ κηροῦ θαυμαστῶς ἠσκημένας· ἐπιθέντα δὲ ταύτας τῷ τε τοῦ υἱοῦ σώματι καὶ τῷ ἑαυτοῦ παραδόξως ἐκπετασθῆναι καὶ διαδρᾶναι τὸ πλησίον τῆς Κρήτης νήσου πέλαγος.
Thereupon Daedalus, despairing of escape by means of vessels, constructed in an extraordinary manner wings and fashioned them wonderfully with wax; and having placed these upon both his son's body and his own, he flew away in an extraordinary fashion and escaped across the sea adjoining the island of Crete.
§4.77.9καὶ τὸν μὲν Ἴκαρον διὰ τὴν νεότητα μετέωρον τὴν πτῆσιν ποιούμενον πεσεῖν εἰς τὸ πέλαγος, τακέντος διὰ τὸν ἥλιον τοῦ συνέχοντος τὰς πτέρυγας κηροῦ, αὐτὸν δὲ παρὰ τὴν θάλατταν πετόμενον καὶ παρʼ ἕκαστον τέγγοντα τὰς πτέρυγας διασωθῆναι παραδόξως εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν.
And while Icarus, because of his youth, made his flight too high and fell into the sea, the wax that held the wings together having melted because of the sun, he himself, flying close to the sea and occasionally wetting his wings, was saved in an extraordinary manner to Sicily.
ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τούτων εἰ καὶ παράδοξός ἐστιν ὁ μῦθος, ὅμως ἐκρίναμεν μὴ παραλιπεῖν αὐτόν.
But concerning these matters, even if the myth is extraordinary, we nevertheless decided not to omit it.

Notes

  1. §4.77.2γενομένου δὲ τότε ταύρου κάλλει διαφέροντος — This is a genitive absolute construction expressing temporal or concessive background ("when a bull was born surpassing others in beauty"), with the noun `ταύρου` and the participle `διαφέροντος` in the genitive case.
  2. §4.77.2ἕτερον τῶν ἡττόνων ταύρων θῦσαι — Part of the accusative with infinitive construction governed by the main verb `μυθολογοῦσι` ("they relate as a myth"). The subject of the infinitive `θῦσαι` (aorist active) is the omitted accusative `Μίνωα` (Minos) carried over from the previous sentence. `ἕτερον` is the direct object of `θῦσαι`, and `τῶν ἡττόνων ταύρων` is a partitive genitive.
  3. §4.77.4ἐν ᾧ τρεφόμενον τὸν Μινώταυρον τοὺς ἐξ Ἀθηνῶν ἀποστελλομένους ἑπτὰ κόρους καὶ κόρας κατεσθίειν — The infinitive `κατεσθίειν` is used as the verb inside the relative clause introduced by `ἐν ᾧ`. This is because the indirect discourse governed by the impersonal main verb `λέγεται` ("it is said") extends into the relative clause (the infinitive in a relative clause in indirect discourse). The logical subject is the accusative `τὸν Μινώταυρον` and the object is `ἑπτὰ κόρους καὶ κόρας`.
  4. §4.77.6ἧς βασιλεύοντα Κώκαλον ἀναλαβεῖν τὸν Δαίδαλον — In the relative clause `ἧς...` ("ruling over which [country]"), it is important to distinguish the subject and object of the infinitive `ἀναλαβεῖν` ("to receive"). Semantically and syntactically, `Κώκαλον` (Cocalus) is the logical subject in the accusative, while `τὸν Δαίδαλον` (Daedalus) is the object in the accusative. The participle `βασιλεύοντα` governs the relative pronoun `ἧς` (referring to `χώραν`) and modifies `Κώκαλον`.
  5. §4.77.9αὐτὸν δὲ παρὰ τὴν θάλατταν πετόμενον — The pronoun `αὐτόν`, used with the contrastive conjunction `δέ`, is an intensive pronoun referring to Daedalus himself ("he himself"), in contrast with `τὸν μὲν Ἴκαρον` ("Icarus") in the preceding clause. It acts as the subject of the infinitive `διασωθῆναι` ("to be saved").

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §4.77.1-4.77.9. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc5:4.77.1-4.77.9

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