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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §2.57.1-2.57.5

Customs, Diet, Script, and Laws of the Islanders

Passage 157 of 406 · Greek

Summary

The social system of the islanders, their methods of processing a peculiar plant for food, their education and vertical writing system, and their laws regarding the voluntary euthanasia of the disabled and the elderly are described.

§2.57.1βιοῦν δʼ αὐτοὺς κατὰ συγγενείας καὶ συστήματα, συνηγμένων τῶν οἰκείων οὐ πλειόνων ἢ τετρακοσίων· τούτους δʼ ἐν τοῖς λειμῶσι διαζῆν, πολλὰ τῆς χώρας ἐχούσης πρὸς διατροφήν· διὰ γὰρ τὴν ἀρετὴν τῆς νήσου καὶ τὴν εὐκρασίαν τοῦ ἀέρος γεννᾶσθαι τροφὰς αὐτομάτους πλείους τῶν ἱκανῶν.
They live according to kinship and communities, with no more than four hundred of their relatives gathered together; these groups pass their lives in the meadows, as the land produces many things for their sustenance; for because of the fertility of the island and the temperateness of the air, self-growing food is produced in greater abundance than is sufficient.
§2.57.2φύεσθαι γὰρ παρʼ αὐτοῖς κάλαμον πολύν, φέροντα καρπὸν δαψιλῆ, παρεμφερῆ τοῖς λευκοῖς ὀρόβοις.
For there grows among them a great quantity of reed, which bears abundant fruit, very similar to white bitter-vetch.
τοῦτον οὖν συναγαγόντες βρέχουσιν ἐν ὕδατι θερμῷ, μέχρι ἂν τὸ μέγεθος σχῶσιν ὡς ᾠοῦ περιστερᾶς· ἔπειτα συνθλάσαντες καὶ τρίψαντες ἐμπείρως ταῖς χερσὶ διαπλάττουσιν ἄρτους, οὓς ὀπτήσαντες σιτοῦνται διαφόρους ὄντας τῇ γλυκύτητι.
This, therefore, they gather and soak in warm water until the grains attain the size of a pigeon's egg; then, having crushed it and kneaded it skillfully with their hands, they shape loaves, which they bake and use for food, these being extraordinary in their sweetness.
§2.57.3εἶναι δὲ καὶ πηγὰς ὑδάτων δαψιλεῖς, τὰς μὲν θερμῶν εἰς λουτρὰ καὶ κόπων ἀφαίρεσιν εὐθέτους, τὰς δὲ ψυχρῶν τῇ γλυκύτητι διαφόρους καὶ πρὸς ὑγίειαν συνεργεῖν δυναμένας.
There are also abundant springs of water, some of warm water, well-suited for baths and the relief of fatigue, others of cold, extraordinary in sweetness and capable of contributing to health.
ὑπάρχειν δὲ παρʼ αὐτοῖς καὶ παιδείας πάσης ἐπιμέλειαν, μάλιστα δὲ ἀστρολογίας· §2.57.4γράμμασί τε αὐτοὺς χρῆσθαι κατὰ μὲν τὴν δύναμιν τῶν σημαινόντων εἴκοσι καὶ ὀκτὼ τὸν ἀριθμόν, κατὰ δὲ τοὺς χαρακτῆρας ἑπτά, ὧν ἕκαστον τετραχῶς μετασχηματίζεσθαι.
There is also among them a care for all education, and especially for astronomy; and they use letters which in the value of what they signify are twenty-eight in number, but in their characters are seven, each of which is modified in four ways.
γράφουσι δὲ τοὺς στίχους οὐκ εἰς τὸ πλάγιον ἐκτείνοντες, ὥσπερ ἡμεῖς, ἀλλʼ ἄνωθεν κάτω καταγράφοντες εἰς ὀρθόν.
And they write their lines of text not by extending them horizontally, as we do, but by writing from top to bottom vertically.
πολυχρονίους δʼ εἶναι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καθʼ ὑπερβολήν, ὡς ἂν ἄχρι τῶν πεντήκοντα καὶ ἑκατὸν ἐτῶν ζῶντας καὶ γινομένους ἀνόσους κατὰ τὸ πλεῖστον.
And the people are exceedingly long-lived, as they live up to one hundred and fifty years and remain for the most part free from disease.
§2.57.5τὸν δὲ πηρωθέντα ἢ καθόλου τι ἐλάττωμα ἔχοντα ἐν τῷ σώματι μεθιστάνειν ἑαυτὸν ἐκ τοῦ ζῆν ἀναγκάζουσι κατά τινα νόμον ἀπότομον.
But anyone who has been mutilated or has any defect at all in his body, they compel to remove himself from life in accordance with a certain severe law.
νόμιμον δʼ αὐτοῖς ἐστι ζῆν ἄχρι ἐτῶν ὡρισμένων, καὶ τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον ἐκπληρώσαντας ἑκουσίως μεταλλάττειν ἐξηλλαγμένῳ θανάτῳ· φύεσθαι γὰρ παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἰδιοφυῆ βοτάνην, ἐφʼ ἧς ὅταν τις κοιμηθῇ, λεληθότως καὶ προσηνῶς εἰς ὕπνον κατενεχθεὶς ἀποθνήσκει.
And it is a custom among them to live up to a prescribed number of years, and when they have completed this time, to depart voluntarily by an unusual death; for there grows among them a plant of a peculiar nature, upon which when anyone lies down to sleep, he slips into sleep imperceptibly and gently and dies.

Notes

  1. §2.57.1συνηγμένων τῶν οἰκείων οὐ πλειόνων ἢ τετρακοσίων — Genitive absolute construction. The perfect passive participle `συνηγμένων` agrees with `τῶν οἰκείων`, and `οὐ πλειόνων ἢ τετρακοσίων` ("no more than four hundred") functions as the subject (or its appositive) of this absolute clause.
  2. §2.57.2μέχρι ἂν τὸ μέγεθος σχῶσιν — The subject of the subjunctive verb `σχῶσιν` (aorist active subjunctive 3rd person plural of `ἔχω`) is understood contextually to be the grains (plural). It functions intransitively in this context: "until they [the grains] attain the size..."
  3. §2.57.4ὡς ἂν ἄχρι τῶν πεντήκοντα καὶ ἑκατὸν ἐτῶν ζῶντας — The construction of `ὡς ἄν` with the participle `ζῶντας` (present active participle accusative plural of `ζάω`, agreeing with `τοὺς ἀνθρώπους`). It introduces a conditional or potential nuance, meaning "as though living" or "with the capability of living up to 150 years."
  4. §2.57.5μεταλλάττειν — Idiomatic usage where the object `τὸν βίον` ("life") is omitted, functioning intransitively to mean "to depart this life" or "to die."

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §2.57.1-2.57.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc5:2.57.1-2.57.5

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