§2.35.1ἡ τοίνυν Ἰνδικὴ τετράπλευρος οὖσα τῷ σχήματι, τὴν μὲν πρὸς ἀνατολὰς νεύουσαν πλευρὰν καὶ τὴν πρὸς μεσημβρίαν ἡ μεγάλη περιέχει θάλαττα, τὴν δὲ πρὸς τὰς ἄρκτους τὸ Ἠμωδὸν ὄρος διείργει τῆς Σκυθίας, ἣν κατοικοῦσι τῶν Σκυθῶν οἱ προσαγορευόμενοι Σάκαι· τὴν δὲ τετάρτην πρὸς δύσιν ἐστραμμένην διείληφεν ὁ Ἰνδὸς προσαγορευόμενος ποταμός, μέγιστος ὢν τῶν πάντων μετὰ τὸν §2.35.2Νεῖλον.
Now India, being quadrilateral in shape, has its eastern and southern sides bounded by the Great Sea, and its northern side is separated from Scythia, which is inhabited by those of the Scythians called Sacae, by the Emodon mountain range; and its fourth side, turned toward the west, is defined by the river called Indus, which is the largest of all after the Nile.
τὸ δὲ μέγεθος τῆς ὅλης Ἰνδικῆς φασιν ὑπάρχειν ἀπὸ μὲν ἀνατολῶν πρὸς δύσιν δισμυρίων ὀκτακισχιλίων σταδίων, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἄρκτων πρὸς μεσημβρίαν τρισμυρίων δισχιλίων.
They say that the size of the whole of India is twenty-eight thousand stades from east to west, and thirty-two thousand from north to south.
τηλικαύτη δʼ οὖσα τὸ μέγεθος δοκεῖ τοῦ κόσμου μάλιστα περιέχειν τὸν τῶν θερινῶν τροπῶν κύκλον, καὶ πολλαχῇ μὲν ἐπʼ ἄκρας τῆς Ἰνδικῆς ἰδεῖν ἔστιν ἀσκίους ὄντας τοὺς γνώμονας, νυκτὸς δὲ τὰς ἄρκτους ἀθεωρήτους· ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἐσχάτοις οὐδʼ αὐτὸν τὸν ἀρκτοῦρον φαίνεσθαι· καθʼ ὃν δὴ τόπον φασὶ καὶ τὰς σκιὰς κεκλίσθαι πρὸς μεσημβρίαν.
Being of such a size, it seems to embrace especially the circle of the summer solstice of the universe, and in many places on the edge of India one can see that sundial gnomons cast no shadow, and at night the Bears are invisible; and in the extremest parts not even Arcturus itself is visible; in which region indeed they say that shadows are even inclined toward the south.
§2.35.3ἡ δʼ οὖν Ἰνδικὴ πολλὰ μὲν ὄρη καὶ μεγάλα ἔχει δένδρεσι παντοδαποῖς καρπίμοις πλήθοντα, πολλὰ δὲ πεδία καὶ μεγάλα καρποφόρα, τῷ μὲν κάλλει διάφορα, ποταμῶν δὲ πλήθεσι διαρρεόμενα.
Now India has many great mountains abounding in all kinds of fruit-bearing trees, and many great and fertile plains, distinguished for their beauty, and traversed by a multitude of rivers.
τὰ πολλὰ δὲ τῆς χώρας ἀρδεύεται, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο διττοὺς ἔχει τοὺς κατʼ ἔτος καρπούς· ζῴων τε παντοδαπῶν γέμει διαφόρων τοῖς μεγέθεσι καὶ ταῖς ἀλκαῖς, τῶν μὲν χερσαίων, §2.35.4τῶν δὲ καὶ πτηνῶν.
Most of the land is irrigated, and for this reason it has two harvests each year; and it teems with all kinds of animals, differing in size and strength, some being land animals, and others winged creatures.
καὶ πλείστους δὲ καὶ μεγίστους ἐλέφαντας ἐκτρέφει, χορηγοῦσα τὰς τροφὰς ἀφθόνους, δι’ ἃς ταῖς ῥώμαις τὰ θηρία ταῦτα πολὺ προέχει τῶν κατὰ τὴν Λιβύην γεννωμένων· διὸ καὶ πολλῶν θηρευομένων ὐπὸ τῶν Ἰνδῶν καὶ πρὸς τοὺς πολεμικοὺς ἀγῶνας κατασκευαζομένων μεγάλας συμβαίνει ῥοπὰς γίνεσθαι πρὸς τὴν νίκην.
It also breeds the most and largest elephants, providing abundant food, by reason of which these beasts far surpass in strength those bred in Libya; consequently, many of them being hunted by the Indians and trained for the struggles of war, it happens that they turn the scale heavily toward victory.