§1.91.1οὐχ ἥκιστα δʼ ἄν τις πυθόμενος τὰ περὶ τοὺς τετελευτηκότας νόμιμα τῶν Αἰγυπτίων θαυμάσαι τὴν ἰδιότητα τῶν ἐθῶν.
One would admire the peculiarity of the customs of the Egyptians in no small degree if he were to learn about their practices regarding the deceased.
ὅταν γάρ τις ἀποθάνῃ παρʼ αὐτοῖς, οἱ μὲν συγγενεῖς καὶ φίλοι πάντες καταπλαττόμενοι πηλῷ τὰς κεφαλὰς περιέρχονται τὴν πόλιν θρηνοῦντες, ἕως ἂν ταφῆς τύχῃ τὸ σῶμα.
For when anyone dies among them, all the relatives and friends, covering their heads with mud, go about the city lamenting until the body receives burial.
οὐ μὴν οὔτε λουτρῶν οὔτε οἴνου οὔτε τῆς ἄλλης τροφῆς ἀξιολόγου μεταλαμβάνουσιν, οὔτε ἐσθῆτας λαμπρὰς περιβάλλονται. §1.91.2τῶν δὲ ταφῶν τρεῖς ὑπάρχουσι τάξεις, ἥ τε πολυτελεστάτη καὶ μέση καὶ ταπεινοτάτη.
Furthermore, they do not partake of baths, wine, or any other noteworthy food, nor do they put on splendid garments. There are three classes of burial: the most expensive, the middle, and the cheapest.
κατὰ μὲν οὖν τὴν πρώτην ἀναλίσκεσθαί φασιν ἀργυρίου τάλαντον, κατὰ δὲ τὴν δευτέραν μνᾶς εἴκοσι, κατὰ δὲ τὴν ἐσχάτην παντελῶς ὀλίγον τι δαπάνημα γίνεσθαι λέγουσιν. §1.91.3οἱ μὲν οὖν τὰ σώματα θεραπεύοντές εἰσι τεχνῖται, τὴν ἐπιστήμην ταύτην ἐκ γένους παρειληφότες· οὗτοι δὲ γραφὴν ἑκάστου τῶν εἰς τὰς ταφὰς δαπανωμένων τοῖς οἰκείοις τῶν τελευτησάντων προσενέγκαντες ἐπερωτῶσι τίνα τρόπον βούλονται τὴν θεραπείαν γενέσθαι τοῦ σώματος. §1.91.4διομολογησάμενοι δὲ περὶ πάντων καὶ τὸν νεκρὸν παραλαβόντες, τοῖς τεταγμένοις ἐπὶ τὴν κατειθισμένην ἐπιμέλειαν τὸ σῶμα παραδιδόασι.
Now they say that for the first, a talent of silver is spent, for the second twenty minae, and for the last, they say that the expense is utterly insignificant. Those who treat the bodies are craftsmen who have received this skill as a family heritage; these, presenting to the relatives of the deceased a written estimate of the expenses for each item of the burial, ask in what manner they wish the treatment of the body to be done. And when they have agreed upon all things and have received the corpse, they hand the body over to those appointed for the customary care.
καὶ πρῶτος μὲν ὁ γραμματεὺς λεγόμενος τεθέντος χαμαὶ τοῦ σώματος ἐπὶ τὴν λαγόνα περιγράφει τὴν εὐώνυμον ὅσον δεῖ διατεμεῖν· ἔπειτα δʼ ὁ λεγόμενος παρασχίστης λίθον ἔχων Αἰθιοπικὸν καὶ διατεμὼν ὡς ὁ νόμος κελεύει τὴν σάρκα, παραχρῆμα φεύγει δρόμῳ, διωκόντων τῶν συμπαρόντων καὶ λίθοις βαλλόντων, ἔτι δὲ καταρωμένων καὶ καθαπερεὶ τὸ μύσος εἰς ἐκεῖνον τρεπόντων· ὑπολαμβάνουσι γὰρ μισητὸν εἶναι πάντα τὸν ὁμοφύλῳ σώματι βίαν προσφέροντα καὶ τραύματα ποιοῦντα καὶ καθόλου τι κακὸν ἀπεργαζόμενον. §1.91.5οἱ ταριχευταὶ δὲ καλούμενοι πάσης μὲν τιμῆς καὶ πολυωρίας ἀξιοῦνται, τοῖς τε ἱερεῦσι συνόντες καὶ τὰς εἰς ἱερὸν εἰσόδους ἀκωλύτως ὡς καθαροὶ ποιοῦνται· πρὸς δὲ τὴν θεραπείαν τοῦ παρεσχισμένου σώματος ἀθροισθέντων αὐτῶν εἷς καθίησι τὴν χεῖρα διὰ τῆς τοῦ νεκροῦ τομῆς εἰς τὸν θώρακα καὶ πάντα ἐξαιρεῖ χωρὶς νεφρῶν καὶ καρδίας, ἕτερος δὲ καθαίρει τῶν ἐγκοιλίων ἕκαστον κλύζων οἴνῳ φοινικείῳ καὶ θυμιάμασι. §1.91.6καθόλου δὲ πᾶν τὸ σῶμα τὸ μὲν πρῶτον κεδρίᾳ καί τισιν ἄλλοις ἐπιμελείας ἀξιοῦσιν ἐφʼ ἡμέρας πλείους τῶν τριάκοντα, ἔπειτα σμύρνῃ καὶ κιναμώμῳ καὶ τοῖς δυναμένοις μὴ μόνον πολυχρόνιον τήρησιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν εὐωδίαν παρέχεσθαι·
And first, the one called the scribe, when the body has been placed on the ground, outlines on the left flank as much as it is necessary to cut; then the one called the slitter, holding an Ethiopian stone and cutting the flesh as the law commands, immediately flees in haste, while those present pursue him and throw stones at him, and also curse him, turning as it were the pollution upon him; for they believe that anyone who brings violence upon a body of his own race, inflicts wounds, and in general does any harm, is detestable. But those called the embalmers are deemed worthy of all honor and respect, associating with the priests and making their entries into the temples without hindrance, as being pure; and when they have gathered for the treatment of the slit body, one of them lets his hand down through the incision of the dead body into the chest and extracts everything except the kidneys and the heart, and another cleanses each of the entrails, washing them with palm wine and incense. And in general, they treat the whole body first with cedar oil and other things for more than thirty days, and then with myrrh and cinnamon and things capable of providing not only long preservation but also fragrance.
θεραπεύσαντες δὲ παραδιδόασι τοῖς συγγενέσι τοῦ τετελευτηκότος οὕτως ἕκαστον τῶν τοῦ σώματος μελῶν ἀκέραιον τετηρημένον ὥστε καὶ τὰς ἐπὶ τοῖς βλεφάροις καὶ ταῖς ὀφρύσι τρίχας διαμένειν καὶ τὴν ὅλην πρόσοψιν τοῦ %5σώματος ἀπαράλλακτον εἶναι καὶ τὸν τῆς μορφῆς τύπον γνωρίζεσθαι· §1.91.7διὸ καὶ πολλοὶ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων ἐν οἰκήμασι πολυτελέσι φυλάττοντες τὰ σώματα τῶν προγόνων, κατʼ ὄψιν ὁρῶσι τοὺς γενεαῖς πολλαῖς τῆς ἑαυτῶν γενέσεως προτετελευτηκότας, ὥστε ἑκάστων τά τε μεγέθη καὶ τὰς περιοχὰς τῶν σωμάτων, ἔτι δὲ τοὺς τῆς ὄψεως χαρακτῆρας ὁρωμένους παράδοξον ψυχαγωγίαν παρέχεσθαι καθάπερ συμβεβιωκότας τοῖς θεωμένοις.
Having treated it, they deliver it to the relatives of the deceased, with each of the parts of the body preserved so intact that even the hair on the eyelids and eyebrows remains, and the entire appearance of the body is unchanged, and the form of the features is recognizable. For this reason, many of the Egyptians, keeping the bodies of their ancestors in costly chambers, see face to face those who have died many generations before their own birth, so that as the height and outlines of the bodies of each, and further the features of their appearance, are seen, a wonderful pleasure is provided to those who behold them, just as if they had lived together with them.