§1.87.1τρίτην δʼ αἰτίαν φέρουσι τῆς ἀμφισβητήσεως τῶν ζῴων τὴν χρείαν, ἣν ἕκαστον αὐτῶν προσφέρεται πρὸς τὴν ὠφέλειαν τοῦ κοινοῦ βίου καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων.
As the third reason they bring forward the usefulness of the animals under discussion, which each of them offers for the benefit of common life and of humans.
§1.87.2τὴν μὲν γὰρ θήλειαν βοῦν ἐργάτας τίκτειν καὶ τὴν ἐλαφρὰν τῆς γῆς ἀροῦν, τὰ δὲ πρόβατα δὶς μὲν τίκτειν καὶ τοῖς ἐρίοις τὴν σκέπην ἅμα καὶ τὴν εὐσχημοσύνην περιποιεῖν, τῷ δὲ γάλακτι καὶ τῷ τυρῷ τροφὰς παρέχεσθαι προσηνεῖς ἅμα καὶ δαψιλεῖς.
For they say that the female ox gives birth to laboring beasts and plows the light soil, and the sheep give birth twice a year and provide both protection and decent appearance with their wool, while providing pleasant and abundant food with their milk and cheese.
τὸν δὲ κύνα πρός τε τὰς θήρας εἶναι χρήσιμον καὶ πρὸς τὴν φυλακήν· διόπερ τὸν θεὸν τὸν παρʼ αὐτοῖς καλούμενον Ἄνουβιν παρεισάγουσι κυνὸς ἔχοντα κεφαλήν, ἐμφαίνοντες ὅτι σωματοφύλαξ ἦν τῶν περὶ τὸν Ὄσιριν καὶ τὴν Ἶσιν.
And the dog is useful both for hunting and for guarding; wherefore they represent the god called Anubis among them as having the head of a dog, indicating that he was a bodyguard of those around Osiris and Isis.
§1.87.3ἔνιοι δέ φασι τῆς Ἴσιδος προηγουμένους τοὺς κύνας καθʼ ὃν καιρὸν ἐζήτει τὸν Ὄσιριν, τά τε θηρία καὶ τοὺς ἀπαντῶντας ἀπείργειν, ἔτι δʼ εὐνοϊκῶς διακειμένους συζητεῖν ὠρυομένους· διὸ καὶ τοῖς Ἰσείοις προπορεύεσθαι τοὺς κύνας κατὰ τὴν πομπήν, τῶν καταδειξάντων τοῦτο τὸ νόμιμον σημαινόντων τὴν παλαιὰν τοῦ ζῴου χάριν.
And some say that the dogs, leading the way for Isis at the time when she was searching for Osiris, kept off both wild beasts and those who met her, and furthermore, being affectionately disposed, joined in the search by howling; for which reason also in the festival of Isis the dogs lead the procession, those who established this custom indicating the ancient favor of the animal.
§1.87.4καὶ τὸν μὲν αἴλουρον πρός τε τὰς ἀσπίδας θανάσιμα δακνούσας εὔθετον ὑπάρχειν καὶ τἄλλα δάκετα τῶν ἑρπετῶν, τὸν δʼ ἰχνεύμονα τῶν κροκοδείλων παρατηροῦντα τοὺς γόνους τὰ καταληφθέντα τῶν ᾠῶν συντρίβειν, καὶ ταῦτʼ ἐπιμελῶς καὶ φιλοτίμως ἐνεργεῖν μηδὲν ὠφελούμενον.
And they say that the cat is well suited against cobras which bite lethally and other venomous crawling creatures, and the ichneumon, watching the egg-laying of crocodiles, crushes the eggs that are found, and performs this diligently and zealously, though receiving no benefit itself.
§1.87.5τοῦτο δʼ εἰ μὴ συνέβαινε γίνεσθαι, διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν γεννωμένων θηρίων ἄβατον ἂν γενέσθαι τὸν ποταμόν.
And if this did not happen, the river would have become impassable because of the multitude of the beasts generated.
ἀπόλλυσθαι δὲ καὶ τοὺς κροκοδείλους αὐτοὺς ὑπὸ τοῦ προειρημένου ζῴου παραδόξως καὶ παντελῶς ἀπιστουμένῃ μεθόδῳ· τοὺς γὰρ ἰχνεύμονας κυλιομένους ἐν τῷ πηλῷ χασκόντων αὐτῶν καθʼ ὃν ἂν χρόνον ἐπὶ τῆς χέρσου καθεύδωσιν εἰσπηδᾶν διὰ τοῦ στόματος εἰς μέσον τὸ σῶμα· ἔπειτα συντόμως τὴν κοιλίαν διαφαγόντας αὐτοὺς μὲν ἀκινδύνως ἐξιέναι, τοὺς δὲ τοῦτο παθόντας νεκροὺς ποιεῖν παραχρῆμα.
And the crocodiles themselves are destroyed by the aforementioned animal in a wondrous and entirely unbelievable manner; for the ichneumons, having rolled themselves in the mud, leap through the mouth into the middle of the body of the crocodiles when they are sleeping on the dry land with their mouths wide open; then, having quickly eaten through their belly, they themselves go out without danger, but render those which have suffered this dead immediately.
§1.87.6τῶν δʼ ὀρνέων τὴν μὲν ἶβιν χρησίμην ὑπάρχειν πρός τε τοὺς ὄφεις καὶ τὰς ἀκρίδας καὶ τὰς κάμπας, τὸν δʼ ἱέρακα πρὸς τοὺς σκορπίους καὶ κεράστας καὶ τὰ μικρὰ τῶν δακέτων θηρίων τὰ μάλιστα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἀναιροῦντα.
And of the birds, they say that the ibis is useful against snakes and locusts and caterpillars, while the hawk is useful against scorpions and horned vipers and the small venomous beasts which most of all destroy humans.
§1.87.7ἔνιοι δὲ λέγουσι τιμᾶσθαι τὸ ζῷον τοῦτο διὰ τὸ τοὺς μάντεις οἰωνοῖς τοῖς ἱέραξι χρωμένους προλέγειν τὰ μέλλοντα τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις.
And some say that this animal is honored because the diviners, using hawks as birds of omen, foretell future events to the Egyptians.
§1.87.8τινὲς δέ φασιν ἐν τοῖς ἀρχαίοις χρόνοις ἱέρακα βιβλίον ἐνεγκεῖν εἰς Θήβας τοῖς ἱερεῦσι φοινικῷ ῥάμματι περιειλημένον, ἔχον γεγραμμένας τὰς τῶν θεῶν θεραπείας τε καὶ τιμάς· διὸ καὶ τοὺς ἱερογραμματεῖς φορεῖν φοινικοῦν ῥάμμα καὶ πτερὸν ἱέρακος ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς.
And some say that in ancient times a hawk brought to the priests in Thebes a book wrapped around with a red thread, containing written instructions for the worship and honors of the gods; for which reason also the sacred scribes wear a red thread and a hawk's feather on their head.
§1.87.9τὸν δʼ ἀετὸν Θηβαῖοι τιμῶσι διὰ τὸ βασιλικὸν εἶναι δοκεῖν τοῦτο τὸ ζῷον καὶ τοῦ Διὸς ἄξιον.
And the Thebans honor the eagle because this animal seems to be kingly and worthy of Zeus.