§1.38.1ἐπειδὴ δὲ περὶ τῶν πηγῶν καὶ τῆς ῥύσεως αὐτοῦ διεληλύθαμεν, πειρασόμεθα τὰς αἰτίας ἀποδιδόναι τῆς πληρώσεως.
Now that we have discussed the sources of the Nile and its flow, we shall attempt to explain the causes of its flooding.
§1.38.2Θαλῆς μὲν οὖν, εἷς τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφῶν ὀνομαζόμενος, φησὶ τοὺς ἐτησίας ἀντιπνέοντας ταῖς ἐκβολαῖς τοῦ ποταμοῦ κωλύειν εἰς θάλατταν προχεῖσθαι τὸ ῥεῦμα, καὶ διὰ τοῦτʼ αὐτὸν πληρούμενον ἐπικλύζειν ταπεινὴν οὖσαν καὶ πεδιάδα τὴν Αἴγυπτον.
Thales, then, who is called one of the Seven Sages, says that the Etesian winds, blowing in the opposite direction to the outlets of the river, prevent the stream from pouring into the sea, and that because of this, the river, being filled, floods Egypt, which is low-lying and flat.
§1.38.3τοῦ δὲ λόγου τούτου, καίπερ εἶναι δοκοῦντος πιθανοῦ, ῥᾴδιον ἐξελέγξαι τὸ ψεῦδος.
But although this theory seems plausible, it is easy to expose its falsehood.
εἰ γὰρ ἦν ἀληθὲς τὸ προειρημένον, οἱ ποταμοὶ πάντες ἂν οἱ τοῖς ἐτησίαις ἐναντίας τὰς ἐκβολὰς ἔχοντες ἐποιοῦντο τὴν ὁμοίαν ἀνάβασιν· οὗ μηδαμοῦ τῆς οἰκουμένης συμβαίνοντος ζητητέον ἑτέραν αἰτίαν ἀληθινὴν τῆς πληρώσεως.
For if what has been said were true, all the rivers that have their outlets opposite to the Etesian winds would make a similar rise; since this happens nowhere in the inhabited world, we must seek another, true cause of the flooding.
§1.38.4Ἀναξαγόρας δʼ ὁ φυσικὸς ἀπεφήνατο τῆς ἀναβάσεως αἰτίαν εἶναι τὴν τηκομένην χιόνα κατὰ τὴν Αἰθιοπίαν, ᾧ καὶ ὁ ποιητὴς Εὐριπίδης μαθητὴς ὢν ἠκολούθηκε· λέγει γοῦν
"Νείλου λιπὼν κάλλιστον ἐκ γαίας ὕδωρ, ὃς ἐκ μελαμβρότοιο πληροῦται ῥοὰς Αἰθιοπίδος γῆς, ἡνίκʼ ἂν τακῇ χιών. " §1.38.5καὶ ταύτην δὲ τὴν ἀπόφασιν οὐ πολλῆς ἀντιρρήσεως δεῖσθαι συμβέβηκε, φανεροῦ πᾶσιν ὄντος ὅτι διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῶν καυμάτων ἀδύνατον χιόνα πίπτειν περὶ τὴν Αἰθιοπίαν· §1.38.6καθόλου γὰρ περὶ τοὺς τόπους τούτους οὔτε πάγος οὔτε ψῦχος οὔθʼ ὅλως χειμῶνος ἔμφασις γίνεται, καὶ μάλιστα περὶ τὴν ἀνάβασιν τοῦ Νείλου.
Anaxagoras, the natural philosopher, declared that the cause of the rising is the melting snow in Ethiopia, and the poet Euripides, being his pupil, followed him; at any rate, he says: "Leaving the fairest water of the Nile from the earth, which fills its streams from the Ethiopian land of black-skinned men, whenever the snow melts." And it happens that this statement also does not stand in need of much refutation, since it is manifest to all that because of the excess of heat, it is impossible for snow to fall around Ethiopia; for in general, in these regions, there occurs neither ice nor cold nor any indication of winter at all, and especially around the time of the rising of the Nile.
εἰ δέ τις καὶ συγχωρήσαι χιόνος εἶναι πλῆθος ἐν τοῖς ὑπὲρ Αἰθιοπίαν τόποις, ὅμως ἐλέγχεται τὸ ψεῦδος τῆς ἀποφάσεως· §1.38.7πᾶς γὰρ ποταμὸς ἀπὸ χιόνος ῥέων ὁμολογουμένως αὔρας ἀναδίδωσι ψυχρὰς καὶ τὸν ἀέρα παχύνει· περὶ δὲ τὸν Νεῖλον μόνον τῶν ποταμῶν οὔτε νέφους ὑποστάσεις ὑπάρχουσιν οὔτʼ αὖραι ψυχραὶ γίνονται οὔθʼ ὁ ἀὴρ παχύνεται.
Even if one should grant that there is a great quantity of snow in the regions above Ethiopia, nevertheless the falsehood of the statement is exposed; for every river flowing from snow admittedly gives off cold breezes and thickens the air, but around the Nile alone of rivers, there are neither formations of clouds, nor do cold breezes occur, nor is the air thickened.
§1.38.8Ἡρόδοτος δέ φησι τὸν Νεῖλον εἶναι μὲν φύσει τηλικοῦτον ἡλίκος γίνεται κατὰ τὴν πλήρωσιν, ἐν δὲ τῷ χειμῶνι τὸν ἥλιον κατὰ τὴν Λιβύην φερόμενον ἐπισπᾶσθαι πρὸς ἑαυτὸν πολλὴν ὑγρασίαν ἐκ τοῦ Νείλου, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο περὶ τοὺς καιροὺς τούτους παρὰ φύσιν ἐλάττονα γίνεσθαι τὸν ποταμόν· §1.38.9τοῦ δὲ θέρους ἐπιστάντος ἀποχωροῦντα τῇ φορᾷ τὸν ἥλιον πρὸς τὰς ἄρκτους ἀναξηραίνειν καὶ ταπεινοῦν τούς τε περὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ποταμοὺς καὶ τοὺς κατὰ τὴν ἄλλην χώραν τὴν ὁμοίως ἐκείνῃ κειμένην.
Herodotus, however, says that the Nile is by nature as great as it becomes during its flooding, but that in winter, the sun, being carried over Libya, draws much moisture from the Nile to itself, and for this reason, around these times, the river becomes smaller than its natural size; and when summer arrives, the sun, withdrawing in its course toward the north, dries up and lowers both the rivers around Greece and those throughout the rest of the land situated similarly to it.
§1.38.10οὐκέτʼ οὖν εἶναι παράδοξον τὸ γινόμενον περὶ τὸν Νεῖλον· οὐ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς καύμασιν αὔξεσθαι, κατὰ τὸν χειμῶνα δὲ ταπεινοῦσθαι διὰ τὴν προειρημένην αἰτίαν.
Consequently, what happens concerning the Nile is no longer surprising; for it does not increase during the heat, but is lowered during the winter because of the aforementioned cause.
§1.38.11ῥητέον οὖν καὶ πρὸς τοῦτον ὅτι καθῆκον ἦν, ὥσπερ ἀπὸ τοῦ Νείλου τὴν ὑγρασίαν ὁ ἥλιος ἐφʼ ἑαυτὸν ἐπισπᾶται κατὰ τοὺς τοῦ χειμῶνος καιρούς, οὕτω καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν κατὰ τὴν Λιβύην ὄντων ποταμῶν ἀναλαμβάνειν τι τῶν ὑγρῶν καὶ ταπεινοῦν τὰ φερόμενα ῥεύματα.
To him also, therefore, it must be said that it would have been proper, just as the sun draws the moisture from the Nile to itself during the winter seasons, so also to take up some of the moisture from the other rivers in Libya and to lower their flowing streams.
§1.38.12ἐπεὶ δʼ οὐδαμοῦ τῆς Λιβύης οὐδὲν τοιοῦτον γινόμενον θεωρεῖται, περιφανῶς ὁ συγγραφεὺς σχεδιάζων εὑρίσκεται· καὶ γὰρ οἱ περὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ποταμοὶ τὴν αὔξησιν ἐν τῷ χειμῶνι λαμβάνουσιν οὐ διὰ τὸ μακρότερον ἀφίστασθαι τὸν ἥλιον, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν γινομένων ὄμβρων.
But since nowhere in Libya is any such thing observed to happen, the writer is clearly found to be fabricating; for indeed the rivers around Greece receive their increase in the winter, not because the sun withdraws further, but because of the abundance of the rains that occur.