§1.39.1Δημόκριτος δʼ ὁ Ἀβδηρίτης φησὶν οὐ τὸν περὶ τὴν μεσημβρίαν τόπον χιονίζεσθαι, καθάπερ εἴρηκεν Εὐριπίδης καὶ Ἀναξαγόρας, ἀλλὰ τὸν περὶ τὰς ἄρκτους, καὶ τοῦτο ἐμφανὲς εἶναι πᾶσι. §1.39.2τὸ δὲ πλῆθος τῆς σωρευομένης χιόνος ἐν τοῖς βορείοις μέρεσι περὶ μὲν τὰς τροπὰς μένειν πεπηγός, ἐν δὲ τῷ θέρει διαλυομένων ὑπὸ τῆς θερμασίας τῶν πάγων πολλὴν τηκεδόνα γίνεσθαι, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο πολλὰ γεννᾶσθαι καὶ παχέα νέφη περὶ τοὺς μετεωροτέρους τῶν τόπων, δαψιλοῦς τῆς ἀναθυμιάσεως πρὸς τὸ ὕψος αἰρομένης. §1.39.3ταῦτα δʼ ὑπὸ τῶν ἐτησίων ἐλαύνεσθαι, μέχρι ἂν ὅτου προσπέσῃ τοῖς μεγίστοις ὄρεσι τῶν κατὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην, ἅ φησιν εἶναι περὶ τὴν Αἰθιοπίαν· ἔπειτα πρὸς τούτοις οὖσιν ὑψηλοῖς βιαίως θραυόμενα παμμεγέθεις ὄμβρους γεννᾶν, ἐξ ὧν πληροῦσθαι τὸν ποταμὸν μάλιστα κατὰ τὴν τῶν ἐτησίων ὥραν. §1.39.4ῥᾴδιον δὲ καὶ τοῦτον ἐξελέγξαι τοὺς χρόνους τῆς αὐξήσεως ἀκριβῶς ἐξετάζοντα· ὁ γὰρ Νεῖλος ἄρχεται μὲν πληροῦσθαι κατὰ τὰς θερινὰς τροπάς, οὔπω τῶν ἐτησίων πνεόντων, λήγει δʼ ὕστερον ἰσημερίας φθινοπωρινῆς, πάλαι προπεπαυμένων τῶν εἰρημένων ἀνέμων. §1.39.5ὅταν οὖν ἡ τῆς πείρας ἀκρίβεια κατισχύῃ τὴν τῶν λόγων πιθανότητα, τὴν μὲν ἐπίνοιαν τἀνδρὸς ἀποδεκτέον, τὴν δὲ πίστιν τοῖς ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ λεγομένοις οὐ δοτέον. §1.39.6παρίημι γὰρ καὶ διότι τοὺς ἐτησίας ἰδεῖν ἔστιν οὐδέν τι μᾶλλον ἀπὸ τῆς ἄρκτου πνέοντας ἤπερ τῆς ἑσπέρας· οὐ βορέαι γὰρ οὐδʼ ἀπαρκτίαι μόνοι, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ πνέοντες ἀπὸ θερινῆς δύσεως ἀργέσται κοινωνοῦσι τῆς τῶν ἐτησίων προσηγορίας.
Democritus of Abdera says that it is not the region around the south that receives snow, as Euripides and Anaxagoras have said, but the region around the north, and that this is manifest to all. He says that the mass of snow accumulated in the northern parts remains frozen around the winter solstice, but in the summer, when the ice is melted by the heat, a great deal of runoff is produced, and because of this, many thick clouds are generated around the higher regions as the abundant vapor rises to the heights. These clouds are driven by the Etesian winds until they strike the highest mountains in the inhabited world, which he says are around Ethiopia; then, being violently broken against these, which are very high, they produce immense rains, from which the river is filled especially during the season of the Etesian winds. But it is easy to expose his error also, if one examines the times of the rising accurately; for the Nile begins to fill around the summer solstice, when the Etesian winds are not yet blowing, and it ceases after the autumnal equinox, when the aforementioned winds have long since ceased. Therefore, when the accuracy of experience prevails over the plausibility of arguments, we must accept the man's ingenuity, but we must not give credit to his assertions. For I pass over also the fact that one can observe the Etesian winds blowing no more from the north than from the west; for not only the north winds and the polar winds, but also the argestai blowing from the summer sunset share the name of Etesian winds.
τό τε λέγειν ὡς μέγιστα συμβαίνει τῶν ὀρῶν ὑπάρχειν τὰ περὶ τὴν Αἰθιοπίαν οὐ μόνον ἀναπόδεικτόν ἐστιν, ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ τὴν πίστιν ἔχει διὰ τῆς ἐναργείας συγχωρουμένην. §1.39.7Ἔφορος δὲ καινοτάτην αἰτίαν εἰσφέρων πιθανολογεῖν μὲν πειρᾶται, τῆς δʼ ἀληθείας οὐδαμῶς ἐπιτυγχάνων θεωρεῖται.
And to say that the mountains around Ethiopia happen to be the highest is not only unproven, but does not even possess credibility granted through vivid evidence. Ephorus, introducing an extremely novel cause, attempts indeed to argue plausibly, but is seen in no way to hit upon the truth.
φησὶ γὰρ τὴν Αἴγυπτον ἅπασαν οὖσαν ποταμόχωστον καὶ χαύνην, ἔτι δὲ κισηρώδη τὴν φύσιν, ῥαγάδας τε μεγάλας καὶ διηνεκεῖς ἔχειν, διὰ δὲ τούτων εἰς ἑαυτὴν ἀναλαμβάνειν ὑγροῦ πλῆθος, καὶ κατὰ μὲν τὴν χειμερινὴν ὥραν συνέχειν ἐν ἑαυτῇ τοῦτο, κατὰ δὲ τὴν θερινὴν ὥσπερ ἱδρῶτάς τινας ἐξ αὑτῆς πανταχόθεν ἀνιέναι, §1.39.8καὶ διὰ τούτων πληροῦν τὸν ποταμόν.
For he says that Egypt, being entirely formed of river silt and porous, and furthermore pumice-like in its nature, has great and continuous cracks, and through these takes up a great quantity of moisture into itself, and during the winter season holds this within itself, but during the summer season releases from itself all over a sort of sweat, and through this fills the river.
ὁ δὲ συγγραφεὺς οὗτος οὐ μόνον ἡμῖν φαίνεται μὴ τεθεαμένος τὴν φύσιν τῶν κατὰ τὴν Αἴγυπτον τόπων, ἀλλὰ μηδὲ παρὰ τῶν εἰδότων τὰ κατὰ τὴν χώραν ταύτην ἐπιμελῶς πεπυσμένος. §1.39.9πρῶτον μὲν γάρ, εἴπερ ἐξ αὐτῆς τῆς Αἰγύπτου ὁ Νεῖλος τὴν αὔξησιν ἐλάμβανεν, οὐκ ἂν ἐν τοῖς ἀνωτέρω μέρεσιν ἐπληροῦτο, διὰ τε πετρώδους καὶ στερεᾶς χώρας φερόμενος· νῦν δὲ πλείω τῶν ἑξακισχιλίων σταδίων διὰ τῆς Αἰθιοπίας ῥέων τὴν πλήρωσιν ἔχει πρὶν ἢ ψαῦσαι τῆς Αἰγύπτου. §1.39.10ἔπειτʼ εἰ μὲν τὸ ῥεῦμα τοῦ Νείλου ταπεινότερον ἦν τῶν κατὰ τὴν ποταμόχωστον γῆν ἀραιωμάτων, ἐπιπολαίους ἂν εἶναι τὰς ῥαγάδας συνέβαινε, καθʼ ἃς ἀδύνατον ἦν διαμένειν τοσοῦτο πλῆθος ὕδατος· εἰ δʼ ὑψηλότερον τόπον ἐπεῖχεν ὁ ποταμὸς τῶν ἀραιωμάτων, ἀδύνατον ἦν ἐκ τῶν ταπεινοτέρων κοιλωμάτων εἰς τὴν ὑψηλοτέραν ἐπιφάνειαν τὴν τῶν ὑγρῶν σύρρυσιν γίνεσθαι. §1.39.11καθόλου δὲ τίς ἂν δυνατὸν ἡγήσαιτο τοὺς ἐκ τῶν κατὰ τὴν γῆν ἀραιωμάτων ἱδρῶτας τοσαύτην αὔξησιν τοῦ ποταμοῦ ποιεῖν ὥστε ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ σχεδὸν πᾶσαν τὴν Αἴγυπτον ἐπικλύζεσθαι;
But this writer seems to us not only not to have observed the nature of the regions around Egypt, but not even to have inquired carefully from those who know the facts about this country. For first, if the Nile received its increase from Egypt itself, it would not be filled in its upper parts, since it flows through a rocky and solid region; but as it is, flowing for more than six thousand stades through Ethiopia, it has its filling before it touches Egypt. Next, if the stream of the Nile were lower than the cavities in the alluvial soil, it would follow that the cracks were superficial, in which case it was impossible for so great a quantity of water to remain; but if the river occupied a higher place than the cavities, it was impossible for the gathering of the moisture to take place from the lower hollows into the higher surface. And in general, who could think it possible for the sweats from the cavities in the earth to make so great an increase in the river that almost all Egypt is flooded by it?
ἀφίημι γὰρ καὶ τὸ ψεῦδος τῆς τε ποταμοχώστου γῆς καὶ τῶν ἐν τοῖς ἀραιώμασι τηρουμένων ὑδάτων, ἐμφανῶν ὄντων τῶν ἐν τούτοις ἐλέγχων. §1.39.12ὁ μὲν γὰρ Μαίανδρος ποταμὸς κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν πολλὴν χώραν πεποίηκε ποταμόχωστον, ἐν ᾗ τῶν συμβαινόντων περὶ τὴν ἀναπλήρωσιν τοῦ Νείλου τὸ σύνολον οὐδὲν θεωρεῖται γινόμενον. §1.39.13ὁμοίως δὲ τούτῳ περὶ μὲν τὴν Ἀκαρνανίαν ὁ καλούμενος Ἀχελῷος ποταμός, περὶ δὲ τὴν Βοιωτίαν ὁ Κηφισὸς φερόμενος ἐκ τῶν Φωκέων προσκέχωκεν οὐκ ὀλίγην χώραν, ἐφʼ ὧν ἀμφοτέρων ἐλέγχεται φανερῶς τὸ ψεῦδος τοῦ συγγραφέως.
For I pass over also the falsity of the alluvial soil and of the waters kept in the cavities, since the refutations of these are manifest. For the river Maeander in Asia has made much alluvial land, in which absolutely nothing of what happens concerning the filling of the Nile is observed to take place. Similarly to this, the river called Achelous in Acarnania, and the Cephisus flowing out of Phocis through Boeotia have built up no small amount of land, in both of whose cases the falsity of the writer is clearly exposed.
ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐκ ἄν τις παρʼ Ἐφόρῳ ζητήσειεν ἐκ παντὸς τρόπου τἀκριβές, ὁρῶναὐτὸν ἐν πολλοῖς ὠλιγωρηκότα τῆς ἀληθείας.
But indeed, one would not seek strict accuracy from Ephorus in every way, seeing that in many things he has disregarded the truth.