§1.37.1μεγάλης δʼ οὔσης ἀπορίας περὶ τῆς τοῦ ποταμοῦ πληρώσεως, ἐπικεχειρήκασι πολλοὶ τῶν τε φιλοσόφων καὶ τῶν ἱστορικῶν ἀποδιδόναι τὰς ταύτης αἰτίας, περὶ ὧν ἐν κεφαλαίοις ἐροῦμεν, ἵνα μήτε μακρὰς ποιώμεθα τὰς παρεκβάσεις μήτε ἄγραφον τὸ παρὰ πᾶσιν ἐπιζητούμενον ἀπολείπωμεν.
Since there is great difficulty concerning the flooding of the river, many of both the philosophers and the historians have attempted to offer its causes; we shall speak of these in summary, so that we may neither make long digressions nor leave unwritten that which is sought after by everyone.
§1.37.2ὅλως γὰρ ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀναβάσεως τοῦ Νείλου καὶ τῶν πηγῶν, ἔτι δὲ τῆς εἰς θάλατταν ἐκβολῆς καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὧν ἔχει διαφορῶν παρὰ τοὺς ἄλλους ποταμούς, μέγιστος ὢν τῶν κατὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην, τινὲς μὲν τῶν συγγραφέων ἁπλῶς οὐκ ἐτόλμησαν οὐδὲν εἰπεῖν, καίπερ εἰωθότες μηκύνειν ἐνίοτε περὶ χειμάρρου τοῦ τυχόντος, τινὲς δʼ ἐπιβαλόμενοι λέγειν περὶ τῶν ἐπιζητουμένων πολὺ τῆς ἀληθείας διήμαρτον.
For in general, concerning the rising of the Nile and its sources, and further its outlet into the sea and the other differences which it has compared to other rivers—although it is the greatest of those in the inhabited world—some of the writers simply did not dare to say anything, even though they are accustomed at times to write at length about any ordinary torrent; while others, having undertaken to speak about the matters in question, missed the truth by far.
§1.37.3οἱ μὲν γὰρ περὶ τὸν Ἑλλάνικον καὶ Κάδμον, ἔτι δʼ Ἑκαταῖον, καὶ πάντες οἱ τοιοῦτοι, παλαιοὶ παντάπασιν ὄντες, εἰς τὰς μυθώδεις ἀποφάσεις ἀπέκλιναν· §1.37.4Ἡρόδοτος δὲ ὁ πολυπράγμων, εἰ καί τις ἄλλος, γεγονὼς καὶ πολλῆς ἱστορίας ἔμπειρος ἐπικεχείρηκε μὲν περὶ τούτων ἀποδιδόναι λόγον, ἠκολουθηκὼς δὲ ἀντιλεγομέναις ὑπονοίαις εὑρίσκεται·
For those around Hellanicus and Cadmus, and also Hecataeus, and all such writers, being altogether ancient, inclined toward mythical explanations; Herodotus, who was inquisitive if anyone ever was, and experienced in much historical inquiry, attempted indeed to give an account of these matters, but is found to have followed contradictory conjectures.
Ξενοφῶν δὲ καὶ Θουκυδίδης, ἐπαινούμενοι κατὰ τὴν ἀλήθειαν τῶν ἱστοριῶν, ἀπέσχοντο τελέως κατὰ τὴν γραφὴν τῶν τόπων τῶν κατʼ Αἴγυπτον·
Xenophon and Thucydides, though praised for the truth of their histories, completely abstained in their writing from the regions of Egypt.
οἱ δὲ περὶ τὸν Ἔφορον καὶ Θεόπομπον μάλιστα πάντων εἰς ταῦτʼ ἐπιταθέντες ἥκιστα τῆς ἀληθείας ἐπέτυχον.
Those around Ephorus and Theopompus, who exerted themselves most of all upon these matters, attained the truth least of all.
καὶ διεσφάλησαν οὗτοι πάντες οὐ διὰ τὴν ἀμέλειαν, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν τῆς χώρας ἰδιότητα.
And all these went astray not through negligence, but because of the peculiar nature of the land.
§1.37.5ἀπὸ γὰρ τῶν ἀρχαίων χρόνων ἄχρι Πτολεμαίου τοῦ Φιλαδέλφου προσαγορευθέντος οὐχ ὅπως τινὲς τῶν Ἑλλήνων ὑπερέβαλον εἰς Αἰθιοπίαν, ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ μέχρι τῶν ὅρων τῆς Αἰγύπτου προσανέβησαν· οὕτως ἄξενα πάντα ἦν τὰ περὶ τοὺς τόπους τούτους καὶ παντελῶς ἐπικίνδυνα·
For from ancient times until Ptolemy surnamed Philadelphus, not only did none of the Greeks cross over into Ethiopia, but they did not even go up as far as the borders of Egypt; so inhospitable was everything about these regions and completely dangerous.
τοῦ δὲ προειρημένου βασιλέως μεθʼ Ἑλληνικῆς δυνάμεως εἰς Αἰθιοπίαν πρώτου στρατεύσαντος ἐπεγνώσθη τὰ κατὰ τὴν χώραν ταύτην ἀκριβέστερον ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν χρόνων.
But when the aforementioned king first campaigned into Ethiopia with a Greek force, the matters concerning this country became known more accurately from those times onward.
§1.37.6τῆς μὲν οὖν τῶν προτέρων συγγραφέων ἀγνοίας τοιαύτας τὰς αἰτίας συνέβη γενέσθαι·
Such, then, happened to be the causes of the ignorance of the earlier writers.
τὰς δὲ πηγὰς τοῦ Νείλου, καὶ τὸν τόπον ἐξ οὗ λαμβάνει τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ ῥεύματος, ἑορακέναι μὲν μέχρι τῶνδε τῶν ἱστοριῶν γραφομένων οὐδεὶς εἴρηκεν οὐδʼ ἀκοὴν ἀπεφήνατο παρὰ τῶν ἑορακέναι διαβεβαιουμένων.
But as for the sources of the Nile and the place from which it takes the beginning of its flow, up to the time of the writing of these histories, no one has claimed to have seen them, nor has anyone reported a hearsay account from those who asserted that they had seen them.
§1.37.7διὸ καὶ τοῦ πράγματος εἰς ὑπόνοιαν καὶ καταστοχασμὸν πιθανὸν καταντῶντος, οἱ μὲν κατʼ Αἴγυπτον ἱερεῖς ἀπὸ τοῦ περιρρέοντος τὴν οἰκουμένην ὠκεανοῦ φασιν αὐτὸν τὴν σύστασιν λαμβάνειν, ὑγιὲς μὲν οὐδὲν λέγοντες, ἀπορίᾳ δὲ τὴν ἀπορίαν λύοντες καὶ λόγον φέροντες εἰς πίστιν αὐτὸν πολλῆς πίστεως προσδεόμενον·
Therefore, since the matter resolves into conjecture and plausible guesswork, the priests in Egypt say that it takes its origin from the Ocean that flows around the inhabited world; yet they say nothing sound, but solve one difficulty by another, and for the sake of credibility bring forward an argument which itself stands in need of much credibility.
§1.37.8τῶν δὲ Τρωγλοδυτῶν οἱ μεταναστάντες ἐκ τῶν ἄνω τόπων διὰ καῦμα, προσαγορευόμενοι δὲ Βόλγιοι, λέγουσιν ἐμφάσεις τινὰς εἶναι περὶ τοὺς τόπους ἐκείνους, ἐξ ὧν ἄν τις συλλογίσαιτο διότι πολλῶν πηγῶν εἰς ἕνα τόπον ἀθροιζομένων συνίσταται τὸ ῥεῦμα τοῦ Νείλου· διὸ καὶ πολυγονώτατον αὐτὸν ὑπάρχειν πάντων τῶν γνωριζομένων ποταμῶν.
But those of the Troglodytes who migrated from the upper regions because of the heat, and who are called Bolgii, say that there are certain indications concerning those places, from which one might infer that the stream of the Nile is formed by many sources gathering into one place; and for this reason it is also the most prolific of all known rivers.
§1.37.9οἱ δὲ περιοικοῦντες τὴν νῆσον τὴν ὀνομαζομένην Μερόην, οἷς καὶ μάλιστʼ ἄν τις συγκατάθοιτο, τῆς μὲν κατὰ τὸ πιθανὸν εὑρησιλογίας πολὺ κεχωρισμένοις, τῶν δὲ τόπων τῶν ζητουμένων ἔγγιστα κειμένοις, τοσοῦτον ἀπέχουσι τοῦ λέγειν τι περὶ τούτων ἀκριβῶς ὥστε καὶ τὸν ποταμὸν Ἀστάπουν προσηγορεύκασιν, ὅπερ ἐστὶ μεθερμηνευόμενον εἰς τὴν Ἑλλήνων διάλεκτον ἐκ τοῦ σκότους ὕδωρ. §1.37.10οὗτοι μὲν οὖν τῷ Νείλῳ τῆς ἐν τοῖς τόποις ἀθεωρησίας καὶ τῆς ἰδίας ἀγνοίας οἰκείαν ἔταξαν προσηγορίαν· ἡμῖν δʼ ἀληθέστατος εἶναι δοκεῖ λόγος ὁ πλεῖστον ἀπέχων τοῦ προσποιήματος.
And those who dwell around the island named Meroe, with whom one might most easily agree—since they are far removed from plausible sophistry and live closest to the regions in question—are so far from saying anything accurately about these matters that they have even called the river Astapus, which, being translated into the language of the Greeks, means "water from darkness." These men, then, gave to the Nile a name appropriate to the unvisited state of those regions and to their own ignorance; but to us, the truest account seems to be the one furthest removed from pretense.
§1.37.11οὐκ ἀγνοῶ δὲ ὅτι τὴν πρὸς τὴν ἕω τοῦ ποταμοῦ τούτου καὶ τὴν πρὸς ἑσπέραν Λιβύην ἀφορίζων Ἡρόδοτος ἀνατίθησι Λίβυσι τοῖς ὀνομαζομένοις Νασαμῶσι τὴν ἀκριβῆ θεωρίαν τοῦ ῥείθρου, καί φησιν ἔκ τινος λίμνης λαμβάνοντα τὴν ἀρχὴν τὸν Νεῖλον φέρεσθαι διὰ χώρας Αἰθιοπικῆς ἀμυθήτου· οὐ μὴν αὐτόθεν οὔτε τοῖς εἰποῦσι Λίβυσιν, εἴπερ καὶ πρὸς ἀλήθειαν εἰρήκασιν, οὔτε τῷ συγγραφεῖ προσεκτέον ἀναπόδεικτα λέγοντι.
Nor am I ignorant that Herodotus, in defining the Libya to the east and to the west of this river, attributes to the Libyans named Nasamones the accurate observation of the stream, and says that the Nile, taking its beginning from a certain lake, flows through an immense Ethiopian territory; yet, we must not immediately pay attention either to the Libyans who said this—even if they have in fact spoken the truth—or to the writer who makes statements without proof.