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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §17.38.1-17.38.7

Favors to Darius's Family and Alexander's Clemency

Passage 643 of 723 · Greek

Summary

Alexander promised to enhance the care of Darius's family and praised the young boy's precocious nature. The author commends this mercy as Alexander's greatest achievement, arguing that while military victories depend largely on fortune, showing clemency in power is a product of pure wisdom.

§17.38.1περιέθηκε γὰρ αὐτῇ κόσμον τε βασιλικὸν καὶ τὸ προγεγονὸς ἀξίωμα ταῖς προσηκούσαις τιμαῖς ἀποκατέστησε· τὴν μὲν γὰρ θεραπείαν αὐτῇ πᾶσαν τὴν δοθεῖσαν ὑπὸ Δαρείου παρέδωκεν, ἰδίαν δʼ ἄλλην οὐκ ἐλάττονα τῆς προϋπαρχούσης προσεδωρήσατο καὶ τῆς μὲν τῶν παρθένων ἐκδόσεως βέλτιον τῆς Δαρείου κρίσεως ἐπηγγείλατο προνοήσεσθαι, τὸν παῖδα δὲ θρέψειν ὡς υἱὸν ἴδιον καὶ βασιλικῆς τιμῆς ἀξιώσειν.
For he invested her with royal attire and restored her former dignity with fitting honors; indeed, he delivered to her the entire retinue that had been given by Darius, and presented in addition another of his own, not less than the pre-existing one, and promised to provide for the marriage of the princesses better than Darius' own judgment, and to rear the boy as his own son and deem him worthy of royal honor.
§17.38.2προσκαλεσάμενος δʼ αὐτὸν καὶ φιλήσας, ὡς εἶδεν ἀδεῶς βλέψαντα καὶ μηδὲν ὅλως καταπλαγέντα, πρὸς τοὺς περὶ τὸν Ἡφαιστίωνα εἶπεν ὅτι ὁ παῖς ὢν ἓξ ἐτῶν καὶ τὴν ἀρετὴν ὑπὲρ τὴν ἡλικίαν προφαίνων πολλῷ βελτίων ἐστὶ τοῦ πατρός.
And having called him and kissed him, when he saw him looking at him without fear and not at all dismayed, he said to those around Hephaestion that the boy, being six years old and displaying a character beyond his age, was much better than his father.
περὶ δὲ τῆς Δαρείου γυναικὸς καὶ τῆς περὶ αὐτὴν σεμνότητος πρόνοιαν ἕξειν ἔφησεν ὅπως μηδὲν ἀνάξιον πάθῃ τῆς προγεγενημένης εὐδαιμονίας.
Regarding the wife of Darius and the dignity surrounding her, he said he would take care that she should suffer nothing unworthy of her former happiness.
§17.38.3πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ἄλλα πρὸς ἔλεον καὶ φιλανθρωπίαν διαλεχθεὶς ἐποίησε τὰς γυναῖκας διὰ τὸ μέγεθος τῆς ἀνελπίστου χαρᾶς εἰς ἀκατάσχετα προπεσεῖν δάκρυα.
And having spoken many other things tending toward pity and benevolence, he caused the women, because of the magnitude of their unexpected joy, to burst into uncontrollable tears.
ἐπὶ δὲ πᾶσι τοῖς προειρημένοις δοὺς τὴν δεξιὰν οὐ μόνον ὑπὸ τῶν εὖ παθόντων ἐπαίνων ἐτύγχανεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ παρὰ πᾶσι τοῖς συστρατευομένοις περιβόητον ἔσχε τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς ἐπιεικείας.
Giving his right hand upon all the aforesaid promises, he not only received praise from those who had benefited, but also had the exceeding greatness of his clemency celebrated among all his fellow-soldiers.
§17.38.4καθόλου δʼ ἔγωγε νομίζω πολλῶν καὶ καλῶν ἔργων ὑπʼ Ἀλεξάνδρου συντετελεσμένων μηδὲν τούτων μεῖζον ὑπάρχειν μηδὲ μᾶλλον ἄξιον ἀναγραφῆς καὶ μνήμης ἱστορικῆς εἶναι.
In general, indeed, I for my part believe that although many noble deeds were performed by Alexander, none of them is greater than this, nor more worthy of record and historical remembrance.
§17.38.5αἱ μὲν γὰρ τῶν πόλεων πολιορκίαι καὶ παρατάξεις καὶ τὰ ἄλλα τὰ κατὰ τὸν πόλεμον προτερήματα τὰ πλείονα διὰ τύχην ἢ διʼ ἀρετὴν ἐπιτυγχάνεται, ὁ δʼ ἐν ταῖς ἐξουσίαις εἰς τοὺς ἐπταικότας ἔλεος μεριζόμενος διὰ μόνης τῆς φρονήσεως γίνεται.
For the sieges of cities, set battles, and the other successes in war are achieved for the most part through fortune rather than through virtue, but mercy shown to the fallen when one has absolute power comes about through wisdom alone.
§17.38.6οἱ πλεῖστοι γὰρ διὰ τὴν εὐτυχίαν ἐπαίρονται μὲν ταῖς εὐπραξίαις, ὑπερήφανοι δʼ ἐν ταῖς εὐτυχίαις γινόμενοι τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης καὶ κοινῆς ἀσθενείας ἐπιλανθάνονται· διὸ καὶ τοὺς πλείστους ὁρᾶν ἔστι τὴν εὐτυχίαν ὥσπερ τι βαρὺ φορτίον φέρειν ἀδυνατοῦντας.
For most men are puffed up by their prosperity because of their good fortune, and becoming arrogant in their successes, they forget the human and common weakness; wherefore also one can see that most men are unable to bear good fortune, as if it were some heavy burden.
§17.38.7Ἀλέξανδρος μὲν οὖν, καίπερ πολλαῖς γενεαῖς προγεγονὼς τοῦ καθʼ ἡμᾶς βίου, τυγχανέτω καὶ παρὰ τῶν μεταγενεστέρων δικαίου καὶ πρέποντος ταῖς ἰδίαις ἀρεταῖς ἐπαίνου.
Therefore, let Alexander, although he lived many generations before our time, obtain even from posterity the praise that is just and fitting for his own virtues.

Notes

  1. 17.38.1τῆς μὲν τῶν παρθένων ἐκδόσεως ... προνοήσεσθαι — προνοήσεσθαι (future infinitive of προνοέομαι) governs the genitive ἐκδόσεως. βέλτιον τῆς Δαρείου κρίσεως is an adverbial comparative phrase, meaning that he would care for them in a manner superior to Darius's own plan.
  2. 17.38.2ὡς εἶδεν ἀδεῶς βλέψαντα καὶ μηδὲν ὅλως καταπλαγέντα — The participles βλέψαντα and καταπλαγέντα are used in the accusative as the complement of the verb of perception εἶδεν (aorist of ὁράω), with the grammatical object (Darius's young son) understood.
  3. 17.38.3ἐποίησε τὰς γυναῖκας ... εἰς ἀκατάσχετα προπεσεῖν δάκρυα — The construction of ποιέω + accusative + infinitive (ἐποίησε ... προπεσεῖν) forms a causative expression, meaning 'he caused the women to burst into [tears]'.
  4. 17.38.4πολλῶν καὶ καλῶν ἔργων ὑπʼ Ἀλεξάνδρου συντετελεσμένων — This is a genitive absolute construction functioning with a concessive force ('although many noble deeds...'), modifying the main accusative-with-infinitive clause μηδὲν τούτων μεῖζον ὑπάρχειν which depends on νομίζω.
  5. 17.38.5ὁ δʼ ... ἔλεος μεριζόμενος — The subject standing in contrast to αἱ μὲν ... πολιορκίαι in the preceding clause. The middle-passive participle μεριζόμενος of μερίζομαι modifies ἔλεος, meaning 'mercy distributed'.
  6. 17.38.7τυγχανέτω ... δικαίου καὶ πρέποντος ταῖς ἰδίαις ἀρεταῖς ἐπαίνου — The third-person imperative τυγχανέτω (from τυγχάνω) governs the genitive, represented here by its object ἐπαίνου. The dative ταῖς ἰδίαις ἀρεταῖς is governed by the modifying participle πρέποντος ('fitting').

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §17.38.1-17.38.7. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc4:17.38.1-17.38.7

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