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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §11.9.1-11.9.4

Leonidas' Stand and Night Attack on the Persian Camp

Passage 10 of 723 · Greek

Summary

Leonidas decides to stay with only the Spartans and Thespians while dismissing the other Greeks, and after being surrounded, he orders a night attack on the Persian camp.

§11.9.1ἀκούσαντες δʼ οἱ Ἕλληνες συνήδρευσαν περὶ μέσας νύκτας καὶ ἐβουλεύοντο περὶ τῶν ἐπιφερομένων κινδύνων.
When the Greeks heard this, they held a council about midnight and deliberated on the dangers that were coming upon them.
ἔνιοι μὲν οὖν ἔφασαν δεῖν παραχρῆμα καταλιπόντας τὰς παρόδους διασώζεσθαι πρὸς τοὺς συμμάχους· ἀδύνατον γὰρ εἶναι τοῖς μείνασι τυχεῖν σωτηρίας·
Now some declared that they must immediately abandon the passes and save themselves by fleeing to the allies, for it was impossible for those who remained to find safety.
Λεωνίδης δὲ ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων φιλοτιμούμενος αὑτῷ τε δόξαν περιθεῖναι μεγάλην καὶ τοῖς Σπαρτιάταις, προσέταξε τοὺς μὲν ἄλλους Ἕλληνας ἅπαντας ἀπιέναι καὶ σώζειν ἑαυτούς, ἵνα κατὰ τὰς ἄλλας μάχας συναγωνίζωνται τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, αὐτοὺς δὲ τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ἔφησε δεῖν μένειν καὶ τὴν φυλακὴν τῶν παρόδων μὴ λιπεῖν· πρέπειν γὰρ τοὺς ἡγουμένους τῆς Ἑλλάδος ὑπὲρ τῶν πρωτείων ἀγωνιζομένους ἀποθνήσκειν ἑτοίμως.
But Leonidas, the king of the Lacedaemonians, desiring to win great glory for himself and for the Spartans, ordered all the other Greeks to depart and save themselves, so that they might fight alongside the Greeks in the other battles; but he said that the Lacedaemonians themselves must remain and not abandon the guard of the passes, for it was fitting for the leaders of Greece to die willingly while striving for the first place of honor.
§11.9.2εὐθὺς οὖν οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι πάντες ἀπηλλάγησαν, ὁ δὲ Λεωνίδης μετὰ τῶν πολιτῶν ἡρωικὰς πράξεις καὶ παραδόξους ἐπετελέσατο.
Immediately, therefore, all the others departed, but Leonidas with his citizens performed heroic and extraordinary deeds.
ὀλίγων δʼ ὄντων Λακεδαιμονίων, Θεσπιεῖς γὰρ μόνους παρακατέσχε, καὶ τοὺς σύμπαντας ἔχων οὐ πλείους τῶν πεντακοσίων, ἕτοιμος ἦν ὑποδέξασθαι τὸν ὑπὲρ τῆς Ἑλλάδος θάνατον.
Although the Lacedaemonians were few—for he kept only the Thespians with him, and had in all no more than five hundred men—he was ready to welcome death on behalf of Greece.
§11.9.3μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα οἱ μὲν μετὰ τοῦ Τραχινίου Πέρσαι περιελθόντες τὰς δυσχωρίας ἄφνω τοὺς περὶ τὸν Λεωνίδην ἀπέλαβον εἰς τὸ μέσον, οἱ δʼ Ἕλληνες τὴν μὲν σωτηρίαν ἀπογνόντες, τὴν δʼ εὐδοξίαν ἑλόμενοι, μιᾷ φωνῇ τὸν ἡγούμενον ἠξίουν ἄγειν ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους, πρὶν ἢ γνῶναι τοὺς Πέρσας τὴν τῶν ἰδίων περίοδον.
After this, the Persians who were with the Trachinian, having bypassed the difficult terrain, suddenly caught those around Leonidas in the middle; and the Greeks, despairing of safety and choosing noble fame, with one voice called upon their leader to lead them against the enemy before the Persians could learn of the detour of their own men.
§11.9.4Λεωνίδης δὲ τὴν ἑτοιμότητα τῶν στρατιωτῶν ἀποδεξάμενος, τούτοις παρήγγειλε ταχέως ἀριστοποιεῖσθαι, ὡς ἐν ᾅδου δειπνησομένους· αὐτὸς δʼ ἀκολούθως τῇ παραγγελίᾳ τροφὴν προσηνέγκατο, νομίζων οὕτω δυνήσεσθαι πολὺν χρόνον ἰσχύειν καὶ φέρειν τὴν ἐν τοῖς κινδύνοις ὑπομονήν.
Leonidas, welcoming the readiness of the soldiers, ordered them to make their breakfast quickly, as men who would dine in Hades; and he himself, in accordance with the order, took food, believing that in this way he would be able to keep his strength for a long time and endure the perseverance in the midst of dangers.
ἐπεὶ δὲ συντόμως ἀναλαβόντες αὑτοὺς ἕτοιμοι πάντες ὑπῆρξαν, παρήγγειλε τοῖς στρατιώταις εἰσπεσόντας εἰς τὴν παρεμβολὴν φονεύειν τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας καὶ ἐπʼ αὐτὴν ὁρμῆσαι τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως σκηνήν.
And when they had quickly recovered themselves and everyone was ready, he ordered the soldiers to burst into the camp, slay those they met, and rush against the very tent of the king.

Notes

  1. §11.9.1δεῖν παραχρῆμα καταλιπόντας — The accusative participle `καταλιπόντας` agrees with the omitted logical subject of the infinitive `διασώζεσθαι` (such as `αὐτούς` or `ἡμᾶς`). In the indirect discourse with the impersonal `δεῖν` introduced by `ἔφασαν`, the accusative is used to denote the subject of the infinitive rather than agreeing with the nominative subject `ἔνιοι` of the main verb.
  2. §11.9.1πρέπειν γὰρ τοὺς ἡγουμένους — The impersonal verb `πρέπει` is in the infinitive form `πρέπειν` in indirect discourse, depending on the main verb `ἔφησε`. The logical subject of `πρέπειν` is the infinitive `ἀποθνήσκειν`, whose own subject is the accusative `τοὺς ἡγουμένους` (with the agreeing participle `ἀγωνιζομένους`).
  3. §11.9.3πρὶν ἢ γνῶναι τοὺς Πέρσας — The conjunctional phrase `πρὶν ἤ` ('before') takes the infinitive `γνῶναι`. The logical subject of the infinitive is the accusative `τοὺς Πέρσας`, and its object is `τὴν τῶν ἰδίων περίοδον`. Here, `τῶν ἰδίων` refers to 'their own men,' namely the Persian flanking detachment.
  4. §11.9.4ὡς ἐν ᾅδου δειπνησομένους — The particle `ὡς` is used with the future participle `δειπνησομένους` (accusative plural masculine) to express subjective intention or expected outcome, agreeing with the logical subject of the infinitive `ἀριστοποιεῖσθαι`. The phrase `ἐν ᾅδου` ('in Hades') is a common idiom with the omission of a noun like 'house' after the genitive `ᾅδου`.
  5. §11.9.4εἰσπεσόντας εἰς τὴν παρεμβολὴν — The participle `εἰσπεσόντας` (accusative plural masculine) does not agree with the dative `τοῖς στρατιώταις` but is put in the accusative as the logical subject of the infinitive `φονεύειν`. It is common in Classical Greek for a participle accompanying an infinitive to appear in the accusative, even when the main verb governs the dative.

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §11.9.1-11.9.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc4:11.9.1-11.9.4

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