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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §11.8.1-11.8.5

The Second Day's Combat and Betrayal of the Mountain Pass

Passage 9 of 723 · Greek

Summary

On the following day, the Greeks continue to repel the elite Persian forces, but a local Trachinian offers to guide Xerxes' troops through a secret mountain path to flank them. A Persian deserter named Tyrrastiadas warns Leonidas of this impending betrayal.

§11.8.1τῇ δʼ ὑστεραίᾳ Ξέρξης μέν, παρὰ προσδοκίαν αὐτῷ τῆς μάχης λαβούσης τὸ τέλος, ἐξ ἁπάντων τῶν ἐθνῶν ἐπέλεξε τοὺς δοκοῦντας ἀνδρείᾳ καὶ θράσει διαφέρειν, καὶ πολλὰ δεηθεὶς αὐτῶν προεῖπεν, ὅτι βιασαμένοις μὲν αὐτοῖς τὴν εἴσοδον δωρεὰς ἀξιολόγους δώσει, φεύγουσι δὲ θάνατος ἔσται τὸ πρόστιμον.
On the following day, Xerxes, since the battle had reached its end contrary to his expectation, selected from all the nations those who were thought to excel in courage and boldness, and having exhorted them at length, declared beforehand that if they forced their way through the pass, he would give them noteworthy gifts, but for those who fled, death would be the penalty.
§11.8.2τούτων δὲ μετὰ μεγάλης συστροφῆς καὶ βίας ἐπιρραξάντων τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, οἱ περὶ Λεωνίδην τότε συμφράξαντες καὶ τείχει παραπλησίαν ποιησάμενοι τὴν σύστασιν ἐκθύμως ἠγωνίζοντο.
When these charged upon the Greeks with a great onset and violence, those around Leonidas then locked their shields together, and having made their formation like a wall, fought with all their hearts.
ἐπὶ τοσοῦτο δὲ προέβησαν ταῖς προθυμίαις, ὥστε τοὺς εἰωθότας ἐκ διαδοχῆς μεταλαμβάνειν τῆς μάχης οὐ συνεχώρησαν, ἀλλὰ τῇ συνεχείᾳ τῆς κακοπαθείας περιγενόμενοι πολλοὺς ἀνῄρουν τῶν ἐπιλέκτων βαρβάρων.
Indeed, they went so far in their eagerness that they did not permit those who were accustomed to take turns in the battle to relieve them, but prevailing by the continuity of their hard service, they slew many of the chosen barbarians.
§11.8.3ἐνημερεύοντες δὲ τοῖς κινδύνοις ἡμιλλῶντο πρὸς ἀλλήλους· οἱ μὲν γὰρ πρεσβύτεροι πρὸς τὰς τῶν νέων ἀκμὰς παρεβάλλοντο, οἱ δὲ νεώτεροι πρὸς τὰς τῶν πρεσβυτέρων ἐμπειρίας τε καὶ δόξας ἡμιλλῶντο.
Spending the whole day in dangers, they vied with one another; for the older men matched themselves against the peak strength of the young, while the younger vied with the experience and reputation of the older.
τέλος δὲ φευγόντων καὶ τῶν ἐπιλέκτων, οἱ τὴν ἐπιτεταγμένην στάσιν ἔχοντες τῶν βαρβάρων συμφράξαντες οὐκ εἴων φεύγειν τοὺς ἐπιλέκτους· διόπερ ἠναγκάζοντο πάλιν ἀναστρέφειν καὶ μάχεσθαι.
Finally, when even the chosen troops turned to flee, those of the barbarians who held the post stationed behind them, having closed ranks, would not allow the chosen to flee; therefore they were forced to turn back again and fight.
§11.8.4ἀπορουμένου δὲ τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ νομίζοντος μηδένα τολμήσειν ἔτι μάχεσθαι, ἧκε πρὸς αὐτὸν Τραχίνιός τις τῶν ἐγχωρίων, ἔμπειρος ὢν τῆς ὀρεινῆς χώρας.
While the king was at a loss and believed that no one would dare to fight any longer, there came to him a certain Trachinian, a native of the place, who was well acquainted with the mountainous country.
οὗτος τῷ Ξέρξῃ προσελθὼν ἐπηγγείλατο διά τινος ἀτραποῦ στενῆς καὶ παρακρήμνου τοὺς Πέρσας ὁδηγήσειν, ὥστε γενέσθαι τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῷ κατόπιν τῶν περὶ τὸν Λεωνίδην, καὶ τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ περιληφθέντας αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ μέσον ῥᾳδίως ἀναιρεθήσεσθαι.
This man, having approached Xerxes, promised to guide the Persians through a certain narrow and precipitous path, so that those who went with him would get behind those around Leonidas, and being thus surrounded in the middle, they would easily be destroyed.
§11.8.5ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς περιχαρὴς ἐγένετο, καὶ τιμήσας δωρεαῖς τὸν Τραχίνιον συνεξέπεμψεν αὐτῷ στρατιώτας δισμυρίους νυκτός.
The king was overjoyed, and having honored the Trachinian with gifts, sent out with him twenty thousand soldiers by night.
τῶν δὲ παρὰ τοῖς Πέρσαις τις ὄνομα Τυρραστιάδας, τὸ γένος ὢν Κυμαῖος, φιλόκαλος δὲ καὶ τὸν τρόπον ὢν ἀγαθός, διαδρὰς ἐκ τῆς τῶν Περσῶν παρεμβολῆς νυκτὸς ἧκε πρὸς τοὺς περὶ τὸν Λεωνίδην, καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν Τραχίνιον ἀγνοοῦσιν ἐδήλωσεν.
But a certain man among the Persians, Tyrrastiadas by name, a Cymaean by birth, who was honorable and of a noble character, having escaped by night from the camp of the Persians, came to those around Leonidas and made known the facts to them, who were ignorant of the Trachinian's plot.

Notes

  1. 11.8.1παρὰ προσδοκίαν αὐτῷ τῆς μάχης λαβούσης τὸ τέλος — The phrase τῆς μάχης λαβούσης τὸ τέλος is a genitive absolute meaning 'the battle having reached its end.' παρὰ προσδοκίαν means 'contrary to expectation,' with the dative αὐτῷ ('for him') acting as a dative of interest or reference.
  2. 11.8.2τοὺς εἰωθότας ἐκ διαδοχῆς μεταλαμβάνειν τῆς μάχης οὐ συνεχώρησαν — The verb συγχωρέω ('permit, yield') usually takes a dative, but here it takes the accusative τοὺς εἰωθότας... as its object, meaning 'they did not permit those who were accustomed to take turns [to relieve them].' This highlights the extreme eagerness of the front-line fighters.
  3. 11.8.4ὥστε γενέσθαι τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῷ κατόπιν τῶν περὶ τὸν Λεωνίδην — The conjunction ὥστε introduces a result clause. The accusative phrase τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῷ ('those who went with him,' i.e., the guide) serves as the subject of the infinitive γενέσθαι. κατόπιν is a preposition taking the genitive τῶν περὶ τὸν Λεωνίδην, meaning 'behind those around Leonidas.'
  4. 11.8.5τὰ περὶ τὸν Τραχίνιον ἀγνοοῦσιν ἐδήλωσεν — The present participle dative ἀγνοοῦσιν refers back to those around Leonidas, acting as an attributive/circumstantial modifier meaning 'to them who were ignorant.' The direct object is the accusative τὰ περὶ τὸν Τραχίνιον ('the matters concerning the Trachinian,' i.e., the flanking maneuver).

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §11.8.1-11.8.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc4:11.8.1-11.8.5

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