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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §11.10.1-11.10.4

Night Attack on the Persian Camp and Leonidas' Last Stand

Passage 11 of 723 · Greek

Summary

Leonidas and his Greek forces launch a night assault on the Persian camp, causing massive confusion, but as day breaks, the outnumbered Greeks are surrounded and killed to a man.

§11.10.1οὗτοι μὲν οὖν ἀκολούθως ταῖς παραγγελίαις συμφράξαντες νυκτὸς εἰσέπεσον εἰς τὴν τῶν Περσῶν στρατοπεδείαν, προκαθηγουμένου τοῦ Λεωνίδου·
These men, therefore, having closed their ranks in accordance with the orders, burst into the camp of the Persians by night, with Leonidas leading the way.
οἱ δὲ βάρβαροι διά τε τὸ παράδοξον καὶ τὴν ἄγνοιαν μετὰ πολλοῦ θορύβου συνέτρεχον ἐκ τῶν σκηνῶν ἀτάκτως, καὶ νομίσαντες τοὺς μετὰ τοῦ Τραχινίου πορευομένους ἀπολωλέναι καὶ τὴν δύναμιν ἅπασαν τῶν Ἑλλήνων παρεῖναι, κατεπλάγησαν.
The barbarians, because of both the unexpectedness of the attack and their ignorance of the situation, ran together in great confusion out of their tents in disorder; and believing that those who were marching with the Trachinian had perished and that the entire force of the Greeks was present, they were struck with terror.
§11.10.2διὸ καὶ πολλοὶ μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν περὶ τὸν Λεωνίδην ἀνῃροῦντο, πλείους δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ἰδίων ὡς ὑπὸ πολεμίων διὰ τὴν ἄγνοιαν ἀπώλοντο.
For this reason, many were slain by those around Leonidas, but even more perished at the hands of their own men, being killed as if they were enemies because of their ignorance.
ἥ τε γὰρ νὺξ ἀφῃρεῖτο τὴν ἀληθινὴν ἐπίγνωσιν, ἥ τε ταραχὴ καθʼ ὅλην οὖσα τὴν στρατοπεδείαν εὐλόγως πολὺν ἐποίει φόνον· ἔκτεινον γὰρ ἀλλήλους, οὐ διδούσης τῆς περιστάσεως τὸν ἐξετασμὸν ἀκριβῆ διὰ τὸ μήτε ἡγεμόνος παραγγελίαν μήτε συνθήματος ἐρώτησιν μήτε ὅλως διανοίας κατάστασιν ὑπάρχειν.
For the night deprived them of true recognition, and the confusion, which was throughout the entire camp, naturally caused great slaughter; indeed, they kept killing one another, since the circumstance did not allow for accurate identification, because there was neither any general's order, nor any questioning of a watchword, nor any stability of mind at all.
§11.10.3εἰ μὲν οὖν ὁ βασιλεὺς ἔμεινεν ἐπὶ τῆς βασιλικῆς σκηνῆς, ῥᾳδίως ἂν καὶ αὐτὸς ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἀνῄρητο καὶ ὁ πόλεμος ἅπας ταχείας ἂν ἐτετεύχει καταλύσεως·
If, therefore, the king had remained at the royal tent, he too would easily have been slain by the Greeks, and the entire war would have reached a swift conclusion.
νῦν δʼ ὁ μὲν Ξέρξης ἦν ἐκπεπηδηκὼς πρὸς τὴν ταραχήν, οἱ δʼ Ἕλληνες εἰσπεσόντες εἰς τὴν σκηνὴν τοὺς ἐγκαταληφθέντας ἐν αὐτῇ σχεδὸν ἅπαντας ἐφόνευσαν.
But as it was, Xerxes had leaped out at the confusion, and the Greeks, bursting into the tent, slew almost all who had been left behind in it.
§11.10.4τῆς δὲ νυκτὸς καθεστώσης ἐπλανῶντο καθʼ ὅλην τὴν παρεμβολὴν ζητοῦντες τὸν Ξέρξην εὐλόγως· ἡμέρας δὲ γενομένης καὶ τῆς ὅλης περιστάσεως δηλωθείσης, οἱ μὲν Πέρσαι θεωροῦντες ὀλίγους ὄντας τοὺς Ἕλληνας, κατεφρόνησαν αὐτῶν, καὶ κατὰ στόμα μὲν οὐ συνεπλέκοντο, φοβούμενοι τὰς ἀρετὰς αὐτῶν, ἐκ δὲ τῶν πλαγίων καὶ ἐξόπισθεν περιιστάμενοι καὶ πανταχόθεν τοξεύοντες καὶ ἀκοντίζοντες ἅπαντας ἀπέκτειναν.
While the night lasted, they went wandering through the entire camp, naturally searching for Xerxes; but when day came and the whole situation was revealed, the Persians, seeing that the Greeks were few, despised them. Although they did not engage them face to face, fearing their valor, they surrounded them from the flanks and from behind, and by shooting arrows and hurling javelins from all sides, they killed them all.
οἱ μὲν οὖν μετὰ Λεωνίδου τὰς ἐν Θερμοπύλαις παρόδους τηροῦντες τοιοῦτον ἔσχον τοῦ βίου τὸ τέλος.
Such, then, was the end of life that those who with Leonidas guarded the passes at Thermopylae met.

Notes

  1. 11.10.1προκαθηγουμένου τοῦ Λεωνίδου — Genitive absolute construction, where the present participle of προκαθηγέομαι (to lead the way) agrees with the subject τοῦ Λεωνίδου in the genitive case. It expresses an attendant circumstance ("with Leonidas leading the way").
  2. 11.10.2οὐ διδούσης τῆς περιστάσεως τὸν ἐξετασμὸν ἀκριβῆ — Genitive absolute construction accompanied by the negative οὐ. The noun τῆς περιστάσεως (the circumstance) acts as the subject, and διδούσης (giving, permitting) is the participle, expressing cause ("since the circumstance did not allow...").
  3. 11.10.3εἰ μὲν οὖν ὁ βασιλεὺς ἔμεινεν ἐπὶ τῆς βασιλικῆς σκηνῆς, ῥᾳδίως ἂν καὶ αὐτὸς ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἀνῄρητο καὶ ὁ πόλεμος ἅπας ταχείας ἂν ἐτετεύχει καταλύσεως — A contrary-to-fact conditional sentence referring to the past. The protasis has εἰ + indicative aorist (ἔμεινεν), while the apodosis takes ἂν + indicative pluperfect (ἀνῄρητο and ἐτετεύχει, expressing the completed state of a past action with ἂν).
  4. 11.10.3νῦν δʼ — An adversative expression used after a contrary-to-fact conditional to introduce the actual historical fact ("but as it was", "but in reality").
  5. 11.10.4τῆς δὲ νυκτὸς καθεστώσης — Genitive absolute construction with the present participle of καθίστημι (to be established, to continue). It denotes duration of time ("while the night lasted" or "as long as it was night").

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §11.10.1-11.10.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc4:11.10.1-11.10.4

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