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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §11.7.1-11.7.4

Fierce Clashes at Thermopylae and Persian Repulse

Passage 8 of 723 · Greek

Summary

A fierce hand-to-hand combat takes place at Thermopylae, where the Greeks, aided by their heavy armor and narrow terrain, successfully repel successive waves of Persian forces, including the Medes, Cissians, Sacae, and the elite Immortals, until nightfall ends the first day of battle.

§11.7.1γενομένης δὲ μάχης καρτερᾶς, καὶ τῶν μὲν βαρβάρων θεατὴν ἐχόντων τῆς ἀρετῆς τὸν βασιλέα, τῶν δὲ Ἑλλήνων μιμνησκομένων τῆς ἐλευθερίας καὶ παρακαλουμένων ὑπὸ τοῦ Λεωνίδου πρὸς τὸν ἀγῶνα, θαυμαστὸν συνέβαινε γίνεσθαι τὸν κίνδυνον.
When a fierce battle took place, with the barbarians having the king as a spectator of their courage, and the Greeks remembering their liberty and being exhorted to the struggle by Leonidas, the conflict came to be an extraordinary one.
§11.7.2συστάδην γὰρ οὔσης τῆς μάχης καὶ τῶν πληγῶν ἐκ χειρὸς γινομένων, ἔτι δὲ τῆς συστάσεως πεπυκνωμένης, ἐπὶ πολὺν χρόνον ἰσόρροπος ἦν ἡ μάχη.
For as the battle was hand-to-hand and the blows were delivered at close quarters, and moreover, as the crowd of combatants was densely packed, for a long time the battle was evenly balanced.
τῶν δʼ Ἑλλήνων ὑπερεχόντων ταῖς ἀρεταῖς καὶ τῷ μεγέθει τῶν ἀσπίδων, μόγις ἐνέδωκαν οἱ Μῆδοι· πολλοὶ μὲν γὰρ αὐτῶν ἔπεσον, οὐκ ὀλίγοι δὲ κατετραυματίσθησαν.
Since the Greeks were superior in courage and in the size of their shields, the Medes with difficulty gave way; for many of them fell, and not a few were wounded.
τοῖς δὲ Μήδοις ἐπιτεταγμένοι Κίσσιοι καὶ Σάκαι κατʼ ἀρετὴν ἐπίλεκτοι διεδέξαντο τὴν μάχην, καὶ νεοχμοὶ πρὸς διαπεπονημένους συμβαλόντες ὀλίγον μὲν χρόνον ὑπέμενον τὸν κίνδυνον, κτεινόμενοι δʼ ὑπὸ τῶν περὶ τὸν Λεωνίδην καὶ βιασθέντες ὑπεχώρησαν·
The Cissians and the Sacae, who had been stationed behind the Medes and were selected for their courage, succeeded to the fight, and coming on as fresh troops against exhausted men, they withstood the danger for a short time, but being slain by those around Leonidas and forced back, they retreated.
§11.7.3ἀσπίσι γὰρ καὶ πέλταις μικραῖς οἱ βάρβαροι χρώμενοι κατὰ μὲν τὰς εὐρυχωρίας ἐπλεονέκτουν, εὐκίνητοι γινόμενοι, κατὰ δὲ τὰς στενοχωρίας τοὺς μὲν πολεμίους οὐκ εὐχερῶς ἐτίτρωσκον, συμπεφραγμένους καὶ μεγάλαις ἀσπίσι σκεπαζομένους ὅλον τὸ σῶμα, αὐτοὶ δὲ διὰ τὰς κουφότητας τῶν σκεπαστηρίων ὅπλων ἐλαττούμενοι πυκνοῖς τραύμασι περιέπιπτον.
For the barbarians, using small shields and light targets, had the advantage in open spaces since they were agile, but in narrow places they could not easily wound their enemies, who were locked together and covered over their entire bodies with large shields, while they themselves, being at a disadvantage because of the lightness of their defensive armor, repeatedly received heavy wounds.
§11.7.4τέλος δὲ ὁ Ξέρξης ὁρῶν πάντα μὲν τὸν περὶ τὰς παρόδους τόπον νεκρῶν ἐστρωμένον, τοὺς δὲ βαρβάρους οὐχ ὑπομένοντας τὰς τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἀρετάς, προσέπεμψε τοὺς τῶν Περσῶν ἐπιλέκτους, ὀνομαζομένους ἀθανάτους καὶ δοκοῦντας ταῖς ἀνδραγαθίαις πρωτεύειν τῶν συστρατευομένων.
Finally, Xerxes, seeing the whole place around the passes strewn with corpses, and the barbarians not holding out against the valor of the Greeks, sent forward the chosen of the Persians, who were called the Immortals and were thought to excel the rest of the army in deeds of bravery.
ὡς δὲ καὶ οὗτοι βραχὺν ἀντιστάντες χρόνον ἔφυγον, τότε μὲν τῆς νυκτὸς ἐπιλαβούσης διελύθησαν, παρὰ μὲν τοῖς βαρβάροις πολλῶν ἀνῃρημένων, παρὰ δὲ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ὀλίγων πεπτωκότων.
But when these also, after resisting for a short time, turned and fled, then, as night overtook them, the battle was broken off, with many having been slain among the barbarians, but only a few having fallen among the Greeks.

Notes

  1. 11.7.1θαυμαστὸν συνέβαινε γίνεσθαι τὸν κίνδυνον — In this structure, the verb `συνέβαινε` is used impersonally ("it happened that"), with the accusative and infinitive clause `γίνεσθαι τὸν κίνδυνον` ("the danger/conflict to become") acting as the subject clause, and the neuter singular adjective `θαυμαστὸν` serving as its predicate. It literally means "it happened that the conflict became extraordinary."
  2. 11.7.2νεοχμοὶ πρὸς διαπεπονημένους — A contrast between the nominative adjective `νεοχμοί` ("fresh, unwearied") and `διαπεπονημένους` (the perfect passive participle used substantively, "those who were exhausted"). The former refers to the newly committed troops of the Cissians and Sacae, and the latter to the Greeks who had been fighting continuously.
  3. 11.7.3σκεπαζομένους ὅλον τὸ σῶμα — The accusative phrase `ὅλον τὸ σῶμα` functions as an accusative of specification (or respect) modifying the passive participle `σκεπαζομένους` ("being covered"). It means "being covered with respect to their whole body."
  4. 11.7.4τῆς νυκτὸς ἐπιλαβούσης — A genitive absolute construction with the verb `ἐπιλαμβάνω` (here meaning "to overtake, arrive" of night). It means "as night overtook them," indicating that the battle was naturally suspended by the arrival of darkness.

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §11.7.1-11.7.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc4:11.7.1-11.7.4

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