§1#3Διάλεκτος φωνὴ ἀνθρώπου ἐγγράμματος· καὶ σημεῖόν τι κοινὸν ἑρμηνευτικὸν ἄνευ μέλους.
Speech: articulate human voice; and a certain common, interpretive sign without melody.
Συλλαβὴ ἀνθρωπίνης φωνῆς ἄρθρον ἐγγράμματον.
Syllable: an articulate joint of human voice.
Ὅρος λόγος ἐκ διαφορᾶς καὶ γένους συγκείμενος.
Definition: speech composed of difference and genus.
Τεκμήριον ἀπόδειξις ἀφανοῦς.
Sure sign: proof of the unapparent.
Ἀπόδειξις λόγος συλλογιστικὸς ἀληθής· λόγος ἐμφανιστικὸς διὰ προγιγνωσκομένων.
Proof: a true syllogistic argument; an argument making clear through things previously known.
Στοιχεῖον φωνῆς φωνὴ ἀσύνθετος, αἰτία ταῖς ἄλλαις φωναῖς τοῦ φωνὰς εἶναι.
Element of voice: uncombined voice, which is the cause for the other voices of their being voices.
Ὠφέλιμον τὸ αἴτιον τοῦ εὖ πάσχειν· τὸ αἴτιον ἀγαθοῦ.
Beneficial: the cause of faring well; the cause of good.
Συμφέρον τὸ εἰς ἀγαθὸν φέρον. [Καλὸν τὸ ἀγαθόν. ]
Ἀγαθὸν τὸ αἴτιον σωτηρίας τοῖς οὖσιν· τὸ αἴτιον παντὸς τοῦ πρὸς αὑτό, ἀφʼ οὗ συμβαίνει ἃ χρὴ αἱρεῖσθαι.
Advantageous: that which leads to good. [The noble is the good.] Good: the cause of preservation for existing things; the cause of everything directed toward itself, from which arises what ought to be chosen.
Σῶφρον τὸ κόσμιον τῆς ψυχῆς.
Temperate: the orderly of the soul.
Δίκαιον νόμου τάγμα ποιητικὸν δικαιοσύνης.
Just: an ordinance of law productive of justice.
Ἑκούσιον τὸ αὐτοῦ προσαγωγόν· τὸ καθʼ αὑτὸ αἱρετὸν κατὰ διάνοιαν ἀποτελούμενον.
Voluntary: that which is self-impelled; that which is chosen for its own sake and accomplished in accordance with thought.
Ἐλεύθερον τὸ ἄρχον αὑτοῦ.
Free: that which rules itself.
Μέτριον τὸ μέσον ὑπερβολῆς καὶ ἐλλείψεως καὶ κατὰ τέχνην ἀρκοῦν.
Moderate: the mean between excess and deficiency and sufficient according to art.
Μέτρον τὸ μέσον ὑπερβολῆς καὶ ἐλλείψεως.
Measure: the mean between excess and deficiency.
Ἆθλον ἀρετῆς γέρας τὸ ἑαυτοῦ ἕνεκα αἱρετόν.
Prize: the reward of virtue, chosen for its own sake.
Ἀθανασία οὐσία ἔμψυχος καὶ ἀίδιος μονή.
Immortality: an ensouled substance and everlasting duration.
Ὅσιον θεράπευμα θεοῦ ἀρεστὸν θεῷ.
Holy: service of God pleasing to God.
Ἑορτὴ χρόνος ἱερὸς κατὰ νόμους.
Festival: sacred time according to the laws.
Ἄνθρωπος ζῷον ἄπτερον, δίπουν, πλατυώνυχον· ὃ μόνον τῶν ὄντων ἐπιστήμης τῆς κατὰ λόγους δεκτικόν ἐστιν.
Human: a wingless, bipedal, flat-nailed animal; the only one of existing things capable of receiving knowledge based on reason.
Θυσία θεῷ δόμα θύματος.
Sacrifice: a gift of an offering to God.
Εὐχὴ αἴτησις ἀνθρώποις ἀγαθῶν ἢ δοκούντων παρὰ θεῶν.
Prayer: a petition by humans for good things, or things seeming so, from gods.
Βασιλεὺς ἄρχων κατὰ νόμους ἀνυπεύθυνος· πολιτικῆς κατασκευῆς ἄρχων.
King: a ruler according to the laws, not subject to audit; ruler of a political constitution.
Ἀρχὴ ἐπιμέλεια τοῦ παντός.
Rule: care of the whole.
Ἐξουσία ἐπιτροπὴ νόμου.
Authority: entrustment of law.
Νομοθέτης ποιητὴς νόμων καθʼ οὓς δεῖ πολιτεύεσθαι.
Lawgiver: a maker of laws in accordance with which one must conduct citizenship.
Νόμος δόγμα πλήθους πολιτικὸν οὐκ εἴς τινα χρόνον ἀφωρισμένον.
Law: a political decree of a multitude, not limited to a certain time.
Ὑπόθεσις ἀρχὴ ἀναπόδεικτος· συγκεφαλαίωσις λόγου.
Hypothesis: an unproven principle; summary of an argument.
Ψήφισμα δόγμα πολιτικὸν εἴς τινα χρόνον ἀφωρισμένον.
Decree: a political decree limited to a certain time.
Πολιτικὸς ἐπιστήμων πόλεως κατασκευῆς.
Statesman: one who is knowledgeable about the constitution of a city.
Πόλις οἴκησις πλήθους ἀνθρώπων κοινοῖς δόγμασιν χρωμένων· πλῆθος ἀνθρώπων ὑπὸ νόμον τὸν αὐτὸν ὄντων.
City: a dwelling of a multitude of humans who use common decrees; a multitude of humans being under the same law.
Πόλεως ἀρετὴ κατάστασις ὀρθῆς πολιτείας.
Virtue of a city: establishment of a right constitution.
Πολεμικὴ ἐμπειρία πολέμου.
Art of war: experience of war.
Συμμαχία κοινωνία πολέμου.
Alliance: community of war.
Σωτηρία περιποίησις ἀβλαβής.
Preservation: harmless acquisition.
Τύραννος ἄρχων πόλεως κατὰ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ διάνοιαν.
Tyrant: a ruler of a city according to his own thought.
Σοφιστὴς νέων πλουσίων ἐνδόξων ἔμμισθος θηρευτής.
Sophist: a paid hunter of rich and distinguished young men.
Πλοῦτος κτῆσις σύμμετρος πρὸς εὐδαιμονίαν· περιουσία χρημάτων εἰς εὐδαιμονίαν συντεινόντων.
Wealth: acquisition measured for happiness; abundance of money contributing to happiness.
Παρακαταθήκη δόμα μετὰ πίστεως.
Deposit: a gift with trust.
Κάθαρσις ἀπόκρισις χειρόνων ἀπὸ βελτιόνων.
Purification: separation of worse things from better things.
Νικᾶν κρατεῖν διαφερόμενον.
To conquer: to prevail over what is in dispute.
Ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ὁ τοιοῦτος οἷος ἀνθρώπῳ τἀγαθὰ ἐπιτελεῖν.
Good human: one of such a kind as to accomplish good things for a human.
Σώφρων ὁ μετρίας ἐπιθυμίας ἔχων.
Temperate: one who has moderate desires.
Ἐγκρατὴς ὁ κρατῶν ἀντιτεινόντων τῶν τῆς ψυχῆς μορίων τῷ ὀρθῷ λογισμῷ.
Continent: one who controls the parts of the soul when they strive against right reason.
Σπουδαῖος ὁ τελείως ἀγαθός· ὁ ἔχων τὴν αὑτοῦ ἀρετήν.
Excellent: one who is perfectly good; one who possesses his own virtue.
Σύννοια διάνοια μετὰ λύπης ἄνευ λόγου.
Pensive thought: thought with pain without reason.
Δυσμαθία βραδυτὴς ἐν μαθήσει.
Slowness of learning: slowness in learning.
Δεσποτεία ἀρχὴ ἀνυπεύθυνος δικαία.
Despotism: a just rule not subject to audit.
Ἀφιλοσοφία ἕξις καθʼ ἣν ὁ ἔχων μισολόγος ἐστίν.
Lack of philosophy: a state by which the possessor is a hater of argument.
Φόβος ἔκπληξις ψυχῆς ἐπὶ κακοῦ προσδοκίᾳ.
Fear: shock of the soul at the expectation of evil.
Θυμὸς ὁρμὴ βίαιος ἄνευ λογισμοῦ †νοῦς τάξεως† ψυχῆς ἀλογίστου.
Anger: violent impulse without reasoning †of the order of the mind† of the irrational soul.
Ἔκπληξις φόβος ἐπὶ προσδοκίᾳ κακοῦ.
Shock: fear at the expectation of evil.
Κολακεία ὁμιλία ἡ πρὸς ἡδονὴν ἄνευ τοῦ βελτίστου· ἕξις ὁμιλητικὴ πρὸς ἡδονὴν ὑπερβάλλουσα τὸ μέτριον.
Flattery: social intercourse directed toward pleasure without what is best; a state of social intercourse toward pleasure exceeding the moderate.
Ὀργὴ παράκλησις τοῦ θυμικοῦ εἰς τὸ τιμωρεῖσθαι.
Wrath: incitement of the spirited part toward taking vengeance.
Ὕβρις ἀδικία πρὸς ἀτιμίαν φέρουσα.
Insolence: injustice leading to dishonor.
Ἀκρασία ἕξις βιαστικὴ παρὰ τὸν ὀρθὸν λογισμὸν πρὸς τὰ δοκοῦντα ἡδέα εἶναι.
Incontinence: a state forcing one, contrary to right reason, toward things seeming to be pleasant.
Ὄκνος φυγὴ πόνων· δειλία ἀντιληπτικὴ ὁρμῆς.
Hesitation: flight from labors; cowardice that restrains impulse.
Ἀρχὴ πρώτη τοῦ εἶναι αἰτία.
Beginning: the first cause of being.
Διαβολὴ διάστασις φίλων λόγῳ.
Slander: separation of friends by speech.
Καιρὸς ἐν ᾧ ἕκαστον ἐπιτήδειον παθεῖν ἢ ποιῆσαι.
Season: that in which it is suitable for each thing to suffer or to do.
Ἀδικία ἕξις ὑπεροπτικὴ νόμων.
Injustice: a state contemptuous of laws.
Ἔνδεια ἐλάττωσις τῶν ἀγαθῶν.
Lack: diminution of good things.
Αἰσχύνη φόβος ἐπὶ προσδοκίᾳ ἀδοξίας.
Shame: fear at the expectation of bad reputation.
Ἀλαζονεία ἕξις προσποιητικὴ ἀγαθοῦ ἢ ἀγαθῶν τῶν μὴ ὑπαρχόντων.
Boastfulness: a state pretending to the existence of a good or of goods that do not exist.
Ἁμαρτία πρᾶξις παρὰ τὸν ὀρθὸν λογισμόν.
Error: action contrary to right reason.
Φθόνος λύπη ἐπὶ φίλων ἀγαθοῖς ἢ οὖσιν ἢ γεγενημένοις.
Envy: pain at the good things of friends, either existing or having existed.
Ἀναισχυντία ἕξις ψυχῆς ὑπομενητικὴ ἀδοξίας ἕνεκα κέρδους.
Shamelessness: a state of the soul enduring bad reputation for the sake of gain.
Θρασύτης ὑπερβολὴ θράσους πρὸς φόβους οὓς μὴ δεῖ.
Rashness: excess of boldness toward fears that one ought not to have.
Φιλοτιμία ἕξις ψυχῆς προετικὴ πάσης δαπάνης ἄνευ λογισμοῦ.
Love of honor: a state of the soul prodigal of every expense without reasoning.
Κακοφυΐα κακία ἐν φύσει καὶ ἁμαρτία τοῦ κατὰ φύσιν· νόσος τοῦ κατὰ φύσιν.
Bad nature: vice in nature and error of what is according to nature; disease of what is according to nature.
Ἐλπὶς προσδοκία ἀγαθοῦ.
Hope: expectation of good.
Μανία ἕξις φθαρτικὴ ἀληθοῦς ὑπολήψεως.
Madness: a state destructive of true estimation.
Λαλιὰ ἀκρασία λόγου ἄλογος.
Chatter: irrational incontinence of speech.
Ἐναντιότης τῶν ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ γένος κατά τινα διαφορὰν πιπτόντων ἡ πλείστη διάστασις.
Contrariety: the greatest distance between things falling under the same genus according to some difference.
Ἀκούσιον τὸ παρὰ διάνοιαν ἀποτελούμενον.
Involuntary: that which is accomplished contrary to thought.
Παιδεία δύναμις θεραπευτικὴ ψυχῆς.
Education: power therapeutic of the soul.
Παίδευσις παιδείας παράδοσις.
Instruction: transmission of education.
Νομοθετικὴ ἐπιστήμη ποιητικὴ πόλεως ἀγαθῆς.
Science of lawmaking: knowledge productive of a good city.
Νουθέτησις λόγος ἐπιτιμητικὸς ἀπὸ γνώμης· λόγος ὁμαρτίας ἀποτροπῆς ἔνεκεν.
Admonition: a speech of censure from judgment; speech for the sake of averting error.
Βοήθεια κακοῦ κώλυσις ὄντος ἢ γινομένου.
Help: prevention of an evil that exists or is coming to be.
Κόλασις ψυχῆς θεραπεία ἐπὶ ἁμαρτήματι γενομένῳ.
Punishment: treatment of the soul for an error committed.
Δύναμις ὑπεροχὴ ἐν πράξει ἢ ἐν λόγῳ· ἕξις καθʼ ἣν τὸ ἔχον δυνατόν ἐστιν· ἰσχὺς κατὰ φύσιν.
Power: superiority in action or in speech; a state by which the possessor is capable; strength according to nature.
Σῴζειν τὸ περιποιεῖν ἀβλαβῆ.
To save: to preserve harmless.