§989ΑΘ. ταῦτα ἡμῖν εἴρηται πάντα κατὰ τὴν τῶν ἀνοσίων τιμωρὸν δίκην·
ATHENIAN: All these things have been spoken by us in accordance with justice that punishes the impious.
περὶ δὲ δὴ τὸ δοκιμαζόμενον οὐχ οἷόν τε ἡμῖν ἀπιστεῖν ὡς οὐ δεῖ τόν γε ἀγαθὸν σοφὸν ἡμᾶς ἡγεῖσθαι, τὴν δὲ σοφίαν ταύτην, ἣν ζητοῦμεν πάλαι, ἴδωμεν ἄν ποτʼ ἄρα ἐπινοήσωμεν ἢ κατὰ παιδείαν ἢ κατὰ τέχνην, ἥντινα τοῦ γιγνώσκειν ἐνδεεῖς ὄντες τῶν δικαίων, ἀγνώμονες ἂν εἶμεν ὄντες τοιοῦτοι.
But concerning the matter under examination, it is impossible for us to disbelieve that we must regard the good man as wise; and let us see if we can ever devise this wisdom, which we have been seeking for a long time, either by way of education or art, which, if we are lacking in knowing it regarding the things of justice, we would be ignorant being such as we are.
δοκοῦμεν δή μοι, καὶ λεκτέον· ἄνω γὰρ καὶ κάτω ζητῶν ᾗ μοι καταφανὴς γέγονεν, πειράσομαι δήλην ὑμῖν αὐτὴν ἀποτελεῖν.
It seems to me that we can, and it must be spoken; for having searched up and down in the way it has become manifest to me, I will attempt to make it clear to you.
τὸ δὴ μέγιστον ἀρετῆς οὐ καλῶς πραττόμενον ἡμῖν γέγονεν αἴτιον, ὡς ἄρτι σημαίνειν ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων μοι σφόδρα δοκεῖ.
Indeed, the greatest part of virtue not being beautifully practiced among us has become the cause, as it seems to me very clearly to be indicated from what has just been spoken by me.
μεῖζον μὲν γὰρ ἀρετῆς μηδεὶς ἡμᾶς ποτε πείσῃ τῆς εὐσεβείας εἶναι τῷ θνητῷ γένει·
For no one will ever persuade us that there is a greater virtue for the mortal race than piety.
τοῦτο δʼ ὅτι διʼ ἀμαθίαν τὴν μεγίστην ἐν ταῖς ἀρίσταις φύσεσιν οὐ γέγονεν, λεκτέον.
But that this has not come to be because of the greatest ignorance among the best natures must be spoken.
ἄρισται δʼ εἰσὶν αἱ χαλεπώτατα μὲν ἂν γενόμεναι, μέγιστον δὲ ὄφελος, ἂν γίγνωνται·
And the best natures are those which are most difficult to come into being, but of the greatest benefit if they do come into being.
τά τε γὰρ τῆς βραδείας τε καὶ τῆς ἐναντίας φύσεως μετρίως ἀποδεχομένη ψυχὴ καὶ πρᾴως, εὔκολος ἂν εἴη, τήν τε ἀνδρείαν ἀγαμένη, καὶ πρὸς τὸ σωφρονεῖν εὐπειθής, καὶ τό γε μέγιστον, ἐν ταύταις ταῖς φύσεσιν δυναμένη μανθάνειν καὶ μνήμων οὖσα, εὖ μάλα χαίρειν τούτοις αὐτοῖς δύναιτʼ ἂν φιλομαθὴς ὥστʼ εἶναι.
For a soul that accepts both the things of the slow nature and those of the opposite nature moderately and gently would be easy-tempered, admiring courage, and obedient to moderation, and, what is greatest, being able to learn in these natures and having a good memory, it would be able to rejoice very well in these very things so as to be a lover of learning.
ταῦτα γὰρ οὔτε ῥᾴδια φύεσθαι, γενόμενά τε, καὶ τροφῆς καὶ παιδείας τυχόντα ἧς δεῖ, τοὺς πλείστους αὐτῶν καὶ χείρους κατέχειν ὀρθότατα δύναιτʼ ἂν τῷ φρονεῖν καὶ πράττειν καὶ λέγειν περὶ θεοὺς ἕκαστα ὡς δεῖ τε καὶ ὅτε δεῖ, περὶ θυσίας τε καὶ καθαρμοὺς τῶν περὶ θεούς τε καὶ ἀνθρώπους, οὐ σχήμασι τεχνάζοντας, ἀλλὰ ἀληθείᾳ τιμῶντας ἀρετήν, ὃ δὴ καὶ μέγιστόν ἐστι συμπάντων πάσῃ τῇ πόλει.
For these are not easy to grow, and when they do come into being, and have obtained the necessary nurture and education, they would be able most correctly to restrain the majority of them and the worse ones by being prudent and doing and saying each thing concerning the gods as and when it is necessary, and concerning sacrifices and purifications of things concerning both gods and men, not playing tricks with outward appearances, but honoring virtue in truth, which indeed is the greatest of all things for the whole city.
τοῦτο δὴ οὖν τὸ μέρος εἶναί φαμεν φύσει κυριώτατον καὶ δυνατὸν ὡς οἷόν τε κάλλιστα καὶ ἄριστα μαθεῖν, εἰ διδάσκοι τις.
Therefore, we say that this part is by nature the most sovereign and capable of learning in the most beautiful and best way possible, if someone should teach it.
ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ἂν διδάξειεν, εἰ μὴ θεὸς ὑφηγοῖτο· εἰ τʼ οὖν διδάσκοι, κατὰ τρόπον δὲ μὴ δρῷ τὸ τοιοῦτον, κρεῖττον μὴ μανθάνειν.
But no one would teach it unless a god guided him; and if indeed someone should teach it, but did not do such a thing in a proper manner, it is better not to learn.
ὅμως δʼ ἐκ τῶν νῦν λεγομένων ἀνάγκη μαθεῖν ταῦτα καὶ ἐμὲ λέγειν τὴν τοιαύτην τε καὶ ἀρίστην φύσιν.
Nevertheless, from what is now being said, it is necessary to learn these things and for me to speak of such a best nature.
πειρώμεθα δὴ τῷ τε λόγῳ διεξελθεῖν ἅ τʼ ἐστὶν καὶ οἷα καὶ ὡς δεῖ μανθάνειν, κατὰ δύναμιν τήν τʼ ἐμὴν τοῦ λέγοντος καὶ τὴν τῶν δυναμένων εἰσακοῦσαι, θεοσεβείας ᾧτινι τρόπῳ τις τίνα μαθήσεται.
Let us then attempt to go through in discussion what they are and of what kind and how one must learn, according to my ability as the speaker and the ability of those who are able to listen, in what way, who, and what one will learn of god-fearing piety.
§990ΑΘ. σχεδὸν μὲν οὖν ἐστιν ἄτοπον ἀκούσαντι, τὸ δʼ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ λέγομεν ἡμεῖς γε, ὅ τις οὐκ ἄν ποτε δόξειεν διʼ ἀπειρίαν τοῦ πράγματος—ἀστρονομίαν—ἀγνοεῖ τε ὅτι σοφώτατον ἀνάγκη τὸν ἀληθῶς ἀστρονόμον εἶναι, μὴ τὸν καθʼ Ἡσίοδον ἀστρονομοῦντα καὶ πάντας τοὺς τοιούτους, οἷον δυσμάς τε καὶ ἀνατολὰς ἐπεσκεμμένον, ἀλλὰ τὸν τῶν ὀκτὼ περιόδων τὰς ἑπτὰ περιόδους, διεξιούσης τὸν αὑτῶν κύκλον ἑκάστης οὕτως ὡς οὐκ ἂν ῥᾳδίως ποτὲ πᾶσα φύσις ἱκανὴ γένοιτο θεωρῆσαι, μὴ θαυμαστῆς μετέχουσα φύσεως.
ATHENIAN: Now, it is almost strange to one who hears it, but we at least speak its name, which one would never think because of inexperience in the matter—astronomy—and people are ignorant that the true astronomer must be most wise, not the one practicing astronomy according to Hesiod and all such people, observing settings and risings, but the one observing the seven periods of the eight periods, each running through its own circle in such a way that no nature would ever easily become sufficient to contemplate it unless it partook of a wonderful nature.
ὃ νῦν εἰρήκαμεν ἐροῦμέν τε, ὥς φαμεν, ὅπῃ δεῖ τε καὶ ὅπως χρεὼν μανθάνειν· πρῶτον δʼ ἡμῖν τόδε λεγέσθω.
What we have now spoken of we shall also speak of, as we say, in what way and how it is necessary to learn; but first let this be spoken by us.
σελήνη μὲν περίοδον τὴν αὑτῆς τάχιστα διέξεισιν, ἄγουσα μῆνα καὶ πανσέληνον πρώτην· δεύτερον δὲ κατανοεῖν δεῖ τὸν ἥλιον, τροπὰς ἄγοντα διὰ πάσης τῆς αὑτοῦ περιόδου, καὶ τούτῳ τοὺς συνδρόμους.
The moon indeed runs through its own period most quickly, bringing the month and the first full moon; and secondly, one must understand the sun, bringing solstices through the whole of its period, and those running along with it.
ἵνα δὲ μὴ πολλάκις ταὐτὰ περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν διαλεγώμεθα, τὰς ἄλλας ὅσας ἐν τῷ πρόσθεν διεξήλθομεν ὁδοὺς τούτων οὐ ῥᾴδιον συννοεῖν, ἐπὶ δὲ ταῦτα παρασκευάζοντας φύσεις οἵας δυνατὸν εἶναι, χρεὼν πολλὰ προδιδάσκοντα καὶ ἐθίζοντα ἀεὶ διαπονήσασθαι παῖδα ὄντα καὶ νεανίσκον. διὸ μαθημάτων δέον ἂν εἴη·
But so that we may not speak about the same things many times, it is not easy to understand the other paths of these which we went through before, and in preparing natures as capable as possible for these things, one must always work hard by teaching many things beforehand and habituating them from being a child and a youth.
τὸ δὲ μέγιστόν τε καὶ πρῶτον καὶ ἀριθμῶν αὐτῶν ἀλλʼ οὐ σώματα ἐχόντων, ἀλλὰ ὅλης τῆς τοῦ περιττοῦ τε καὶ ἀρτίου γενέσεώς τε καὶ δυνάμεως, ὅσην παρέχεται πρὸς τὴν τῶν ὄντων φύσιν.
Therefore, there would be a need for subjects of study; and the greatest and first is of numbers themselves, but not having bodies, but of the whole generation and power of the odd and the even, as much as it provides toward the nature of existing things.
ταῦτα δὲ μαθόντι τούτοις ἐφεξῆς ἐστιν ὃ καλοῦσι μὲν σφόδρα γελοῖον ὄνομα γεωμετρίαν, τῶν οὐκ ὄντων δὲ ὁμοίων ἀλλήλοις φύσει ἀριθμῶν ὁμοίωσις πρὸς τὴν τῶν ἐπιπέδων μοῖραν γεγονυῖά ἐστιν διαφανής· ὃ δὴ θαῦμα οὐκ ἀνθρώπινον ἀλλὰ γεγονὸς θεῖον φανερὸν ἂν γίγνοιτο τῷ δυναμένῳ συννοεῖν.
And for one who has learned these things, next in order is what they call by a very ridiculous name, geometry, which is a manifest assimilation of numbers not naturally similar to one another, made in relation to the province of surfaces; which indeed would become clear as a divine wonder and not human to one who is able to understand.
μετὰ δὲ ταύτην τοὺς τρὶς ηὐξημένους καὶ τῇ στερεᾷ φύσει ὁμοίους·
And after this, those that are threefold increased and similar to the solid nature; and those on the other hand that have become dissimilar, it assimilates by another art, this which indeed those who have encountered it called stereometry; which is both divine and wonderful to those who look closely and reflect how, as the power is always turning about the double and its opposite, the whole of nature is imprinted with a form and a kind according to each proportion.
τοὺς δὲ ἀνομοίους αὖ γεγονότας ἑτέρᾳ τέχνῃ ὁμοιοῖ, ταύτῃ ἣν δὴ στερεομετρίαν ἐκάλεσαν οἱ προστυχεῖς αὐτῇ γεγονότες· ὃ δὲ θεῖόν τʼ ἐστὶν καὶ θαυμαστὸν τοῖς ἐγκαθορῶσί τε καὶ διανοουμένοις ὡς περὶ τὸ διπλάσιον ἀεὶ στρεφομένης τῆς δυνάμεως καὶ τῆς ἐξ ἐναντίας ταύτῃ καθʼ ἑκάστην ἀναλογίαν εἶδος καὶ γένος ἀποτυποῦται πᾶσα ἡ φύσις.