§982ΑΘ. νοήσωμεν οὖν πρῶτον, ὃ λέγομεν, δύο τὰ τοιαῦτα εἶναι ζῷα—πάλιν γὰρ λέγωμεν—ὁρατὰ μὲν ἀμφότερα, τὸ μὲν ἐκ πυρός, ὡς δόξειεν ἄν, ὅλον, τὸ δʼ ἐκ γῆς, καὶ τὸ μὲν γήινον ἐν ἀταξίᾳ, τὸ δʼ ἐκ πυρὸς ἐν τάξει πάσῃ κινούμενον.
ATHENIAN: Let us then first consider what we are saying, that there are two such living beings—for let us say it again—both visible, one, as it would seem, entirely of fire, the other of earth; and that of earth moves in disorder, while that of fire in all order.
τὸ μὲν οὖν ἐν ἀταξίᾳ κινούμενον ἄφρον χρὴ νομίζειν, ὅπερ ὡς τὸ πολὺ δρᾷ τὸ περὶ ἡμᾶς ζῷον, τὸ δὲ ἐν τάξει τε καὶ οὐρανῷ πόρον ἔχον μέγα τεκμήριον χρὴ ποιεῖσθαι τοῦ φρόνιμον εἶναι·
We must then consider that which moves in disorder as unintelligent, which is indeed what the living being around us does for the most part; but that which has its path in order and in heaven we must make a great proof of its being intelligent.
κατὰ ταὐτὰ γὰρ ἂν καὶ ὡσαύτως πορευόμενον ἀεὶ καὶ ποιοῦν καὶ πάσχον τεκμήριον ἱκανὸν τοῦ φρονίμως ζῆν εἴη παρεχόμενον.
For always proceeding in the same way and likewise, and acting and being acted upon, it would provide a sufficient proof of its living intelligently.
ἡ ψυχῆς δὲ ἀνάγκη νοῦν κεκτημένης ἁπασῶν ἀναγκῶν πολὺ μεγίστη γίγνοιτʼ ἄν—ἄρχουσα γὰρ ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἀρχομένη νομοθετεῖ—τὸ δὲ ἀμετάστροφον, ὅταν ψυχὴ τὸ ἄριστον κατὰ τὸν ἄριστον βουλεύσηται νοῦν, τὸ τέλεον ἐκβαίνει τῷ ὄντι κατὰ νοῦν, καὶ οὐδὲ ἀδάμας ἂν αὐτοῦ κρεῖττον οὐδὲ ἀμεταστροφώτερον ἄν ποτε γένοιτο, ἀλλʼ ὄντως τρεῖς Μοῖραι κατέχουσαι φυλάττουσι τέλεον εἶναι τὸ βελτίστῃ βουλῇ βεβουλευμένον ἑκάστοις θεῶν.
And the necessity of a soul possessing intellect would become by far the greatest of all necessities—for ruling and not being ruled, it legislates—but the unchangeable, when a soul has deliberated on the best according to the best intellect, issues in the truly perfect according to intellect; and not even adamant could ever become stronger than it or more unchangeable, but indeed three Fates hold and guard that what has been deliberated by the best counsel is perfect for each of the gods.
τοῖς δὲ ἀνθρώποις ἐχρῆν τεκμήριον εἶναι τοῦ νοῦν ἔχειν ἄστρα τε καὶ σύμπασαν ταύτην τὴν διαπορείαν, ὅτι τὰ αὐτὰ ἀεὶ πράττει διὰ τὸ βεβουλευμένα πάλαι πράττειν θαυμαστόν τινα χρόνον ὅσον, ἀλλʼ οὐ μεταβουλευόμενον ἄνω καὶ κάτω, τοτὲ μὲν ἕτερα, ἄλλοτε δὲ ἄλλα πρᾶττον, πλανᾶσθαί τε καὶ μετακυκλεῖσθαι.
But for humans, the stars and all this passage through should have been a proof of having intellect, because they always do the same things because of doing what was deliberated long ago for some wondrous length of time, and not changing their deliberation up and down, doing now one thing and at other times other things, and wandering and changing their cycles.
τοῦθʼ ἡμῶν τοῖς πολλοῖς αὐτὸ τοὐναντίον ἔδοξεν, ὅτι τὰ αὐτὰ καὶ ὡσαύτως πράττει, ψυχὴν οὐκ ἔχειν· οὕτω τοῖς ἄφροσι συνεφέσπετο τὸ πλῆθος, ὡς τὸ μὲν ἀνθρώπινον ἔμφρον καὶ ζῶν ὡς κινούμενον ὑπολαβεῖν, τὸ δὲ θεῖον ἄφρον ὡς μένον ἐν ταῖς αὐταῖς φοραῖς·
This itself seemed to most of us the very opposite, because they do the same things and likewise, that they do not have a soul; thus the multitude followed the unintelligent, so as to suppose that the human is intelligent and living because it moves, but the divine is unintelligent because it remains in the same courses.
ἐξῆν δὲ ἀνθρώπῳ γε ἐπὶ τὰ καλλίω καὶ βελτίω καὶ φίλα τιθεμένῳ λαμβάνειν ὡς διὰ τοῦτο αὐτὸ ἔμφρον δεῖ νομίζειν τὸ κατὰ ταὐτὰ καὶ ὡσαύτως καὶ διὰ ταὐτὰ πρᾶττον ἀεί, τοῦτο δʼ εἶναι τὴν τῶν ἄστρων φύσιν, ἰδεῖν μὲν καλλίστην, πορείαν δὲ καὶ χορείαν πάντων χορῶν καλλίστην καὶ μεγαλοπρεπεστάτην χορεύοντα πᾶσι τοῖς ζῶσι τὸ δέον ἀποτελεῖν.
But it was possible for a man who places himself on the more beautiful, better, and dear things to grasp that for this very reason one must consider intelligent that which always does the same things and likewise and for the same reasons, and that this is the nature of the stars, most beautiful to see, and performing what is necessary for all living things by dancing the most beautiful and magnificent dance of all dances.
§983ΑΘ. καὶ μὴν ὅτι γε δικαίως ἔμψυχα αὐτὰ λέγομεν, πρῶτον τὸ μέγεθος αὐτῶν διανοηθῶμεν.
ATHENIAN: And indeed, that we justly call them animate, let us first consider their size.
οὐ γάρ, ὡς σμικρὰ φαντάζεται, τηλικαῦτα ὄντως ἐστίν, ἀλλʼ ἀμήχανον ἕκαστον αὐτῶν τὸν ὄγκον—πιστεῦσαι δʼ ἄξιον· ἀποδείξεσιν γὰρ ἱκαναῖς λαμβάνεται—τὸν γὰρ ἥλιον ὅλον τῆς γῆς ὅλης μείζω διανοηθῆναι δυνατὸν ὀρθῶς, καὶ πάντα δὴ τὰ φερόμενα ἄστρα θαυμαστόν τι μέγεθος ἔχει.
For they are not really of such a size as they appear small, but the bulk of each of them is immense—and it is worthy of belief, for it is grasped by sufficient proofs—for it is possible correctly to conceive that the whole sun is larger than the whole earth, and indeed all the moving stars have a wondrous size.
λάβωμεν δὴ τίς τρόπος ἂν εἴη τοσοῦτον περιφέρειν ὄγκον τινὰ φύσιν τὸν αὐτὸν ἀεὶ χρόνον, ὅσον καὶ νῦν περιφέρεται.
Let us then grasp what way there would be for some nature to carry around such a great bulk for always the same time, as much as it is carried around even now.
θεὸν δή φημι τὸν αἴτιον ἔσεσθαι, καὶ οὔποθʼ ἑτέρως εἶναι δυνατόν· ἔμψυχον μὲν γὰρ οὔποτε γένοιτʼ ἂν ἑτέρᾳ πλὴν διὰ θεόν, ὡς ἡμεῖς ἀπεφηνάμεθα.
I say indeed that God will be the cause, and it is never possible otherwise; for it could never become animate in another way except through God, as we have declared.
ὅτε δὲ τοῦτο οἷός τέ ἐστιν θεός, ἅπασα αὐτῷ ῥᾳστώνη γέγονεν τοῦ πρῶτον μὲν ζῷον γεγονέναι πᾶν σῶμα καὶ ὄγκον σύμπαντα, ἔπειτα, ᾗπερ ἂν διανοηθῇ βέλτιστα, ταύτῃ φέρειν.
And since God is capable of this, every ease has come to him, first to make all body and entire bulk a living being, and then, in whatever way he thinks best, to carry it in this way.
νῦν δὴ περὶ ἁπάντων τούτων ἕνα λόγον λέγοιμεν ἀληθῆ· οὐκ ἔστιν γῆν τε καὶ οὐρανὸν ἅπαντάς τε ἀστέρας ὄγκους τε ἐκ τούτων σύμπαντας, μὴ ψυχῆς πρὸς ἑκάστῳ γενομένης ἢ καὶ ἐν ἑκάστοις, εἶτα εἰς ἀκρίβειαν κατʼ ἐνιαυτὸν οὕτω πορεύεσθαι κατὰ μῆνάς τε καὶ ἡμέρας, καὶ σύμπαντα τὰ γιγνόμενα σύμπασιν ἡμῖν ἀγαθὰ γίγνεσθαι.
Now indeed, let us speak one true account concerning all these: it is not possible for the earth and heaven and all the stars and entire bulks from these, without a soul being present to each or even in each, then to proceed thus to accuracy year by year, by months and by days, and for all things that are generated to become good things for all of us.
δεῖ δέ, ὅσῳ φλαυρότερόν ἐστʼ ἄνθρωπος, μή τοι ληροῦντά γε, σαφῶς δέ τι λέγοντα φαίνεσθαι.
But it is necessary, by how much man is more insignificant, that he should appear not indeed talking nonsense, but saying something clearly.
ῥύμας μὲν οὖν εἴ τις αἰτίας τινὰς ἐρεῖ σωμάτων ἢ φύσεις ἤ τι τοιοῦτον, οὐδὲν σαφὲς ἐρεῖ· τὸ δὲ παρʼ ἡμῶν εἰρημένον σφόδρʼ ἀναλαβεῖν χρή, πότερον ἔχει λόγον ὁ λόγος ἢ πάντως ὑστερεῖ, τὸ πρῶτον μὲν τὰ ὄντα εἶναι δύο, τὸ μὲν ψυχήν, τὸ δὲ σῶμα, καὶ πολλὰ ἑκατέρου, πάντα δὲ ἀλλήλων ἄλλα καὶ ἑκάτερα ἑκατέρων, καὶ τρίτον ἄλλο οὐδὲν κοινὸν οὐδενί, διαφέρειν δὲ ψυχὴν σώματος.
If then anyone says that some flows of bodies or natures or some such thing are causes, he will say nothing clear; but what has been said by us must be strongly taken up, whether the account has reason or completely falls short: firstly, that the things that exist are two, one soul, the other body, and many of each, and all different from each other and each from each, and no third other thing common to any, but soul differs from body.
ἔμφρον μέν που, τὸ δὲ ἄφρον θήσομεν, ἄρχον δέ, τὸ δὲ ἀρχόμενον, καὶ τὸ μὲν αἴτιον ἁπάντων, τὸ δὲ ἀναίτιον πάσης πάθης· ὥστε τά γε δὴ κατʼ οὐρανὸν ὑπʼ ἄλλου του φάναι γεγονέναι, καὶ μὴ ψυχῆς τε καὶ σώματος οὕτως εἶναι γεννήματα, πολλὴ μωρία τε καὶ ἀλογία.
We shall posit indeed that one is intelligent, the other unintelligent, one ruling, the other ruled, and one the cause of all things, the other uncausing of any affection; so that indeed to say that the things in heaven have been generated by some other thing, and are not thus offspring of soul and body, is great folly and unreason.
εἰ δʼ οὖν δεῖ νικᾶν τοὺς περὶ ἁπάντων τῶν τοιούτων λόγους καὶ πιστῶς θεῖα φαίνεσθαι γεγονέναι τὰ τοιαῦτα σύμπαντα, δυοῖν τοι θάτερα θετέον αὐτά·
But if indeed the accounts concerning all such things must win, and all such things must appear to have been generated as divine trustworthily, one of two things indeed must be posited of them: