§977ΑΘ. ὃν δὲ θεὸν ἡγοῦμαι, φράζειν χρή, καίπερ ἄτοπον ὄντα, καί πως οὐκ ἄτοπον αὖ· πῶς γὰρ τὸ ἀγαθῶν αἴτιον ἡμῖν συμπάντων οὐ καὶ τοῦ πολὺ μεγίστου, τῆς φρονήσεως, αἴτιον ἡγεῖσθαι δεῖ γεγονέναι;
ATHENIAN: And I must speak of the god whom I hold to be so, even though it is strange, and yet somehow not strange; for how indeed should we not hold the cause of all our goods to have been the cause of the greatest one as well, namely wisdom?
τίνα δὴ καὶ σεμνύνων ποτὲ λέγω θεόν, ὦ Μέγιλλέ τε καὶ Κλεινία;
What god indeed do I speak of, as one to be honored, Megillus and Clinias?
σχεδὸν Οὐρανόν, ὃν καὶ δικαιότατον, ὡς σύμπαντες ἄλλοι δαίμονες ἅμα καὶ θεοί, τιμᾶν τε καὶ εὔχεσθαι διαφερόντως αὐτῷ.
Almost Uranus, whom it is most just, as all other daimons and gods do, to honor and pray to him exceptionally.
τὸ δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων αἴτιον ἀγαθῶν πάντων ἡμῖν αὐτὸν γεγονέναι πάντες ἂν ὁμολογοῖμεν· δοῦναι δὲ ἅμα καὶ ἀριθμὸν ἡμεῖς γε ὄντως αὐτόν φαμεν, ἔτι δὲ καὶ δώσειν, ἐάν τις θέλῃ συνακολουθεῖν.
And we would all agree that he has become the cause of all other goods for us; and we truly say that he gave us number at the same time, and will still give it, if anyone is willing to follow.
ἐὰν γὰρ ἴῃ τις ἐπὶ θεωρίαν ὀρθὴν τὴν τοῦδε, εἴτε κόσμον εἴτε ὄλυμπον εἴτε οὐρανὸν ἐν ἡδονῇ τῳ λέγειν, λεγέτω μέν, ἀκολουθείτω δὲ ὅπῃ ποικίλλων αὑτὸν καὶ τὰ ἐν αὑτῷ στρέφων ἄστρα πάσας διεξόδους ὥρας τε καὶ τροφὴν πᾶσιν παρέχεται.
For if one goes to the correct contemplation of this, whether one pleases to call it cosmos, Olympus, or heaven, let him call it so, but let him follow where by diversifying himself and turning the stars within himself he provides all courses, seasons, and food for all.
καὶ τὴν ἄλλην δὲ οὖν φρόνησιν, ὡς φαῖμεν ἄν, σὺν ἀριθμῷ παντί, καὶ τἆλλʼ ἀγαθά· τοῦτο δὲ μέγιστον, ἐάν τις τὴν ἀριθμῶν αὐτοῦ δόσιν δεξάμενος ἐπεξέλθῃ πᾶσαν τὴν περίοδον.
And therefore the other wisdom as well, as we would say, is with all number, and the other goods; and this is the greatest, if anyone, receiving his gift of numbers, goes through its whole cycle.
ἔτι δὲ σμικρὸν ἐπανελθόντες πως τοῖς λόγοις ἀναμνησθῶμεν ὅτι καὶ μάλʼ ὀρθῶς ἐνοήσαμεν ὡς, εἴπερ ἀριθμὸν ἐκ τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως ἐξέλοιμεν, οὐκ ἄν ποτέ τι φρόνιμοι γενοίμεθα.
And returning slightly in our words, let us recall that we thought very correctly that, if we should remove number from human nature, we would never become wise in any way.
οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἔτι ποτὲ ψυχὴ τούτου τοῦ ζῴου πᾶσαν ἀρετὴν λάβοι σχεδόν, ὅτου λόγος ἀπείη· ζῷον δὲ ὅτι μὴ γιγνώσκοι δύο καὶ τρία μηδὲ περιττὸν μηδὲ ἄρτιον, ἀγνοοῖ δὲ τὸ παράπαν ἀριθμόν, οὐκ ἄν ποτε διδόναι λόγον ἔχοι περὶ ὧν αἰσθήσεις καὶ μνήμας μόνον εἴη κεκτημένον, τὴν δὲ ἄλλην ἀρετήν, ἀνδρείαν καὶ σωφροσύνην, οὐδὲν ἀποκωλύει.
For the soul of this animal would never again receive almost any virtue, from which reason (logos) was absent; and an animal that did not know two and three, nor odd nor even, but was completely ignorant of number, would never be able to give an account (logos) of those things of which it had acquired only sensations and memories, although nothing prevents it from having the other virtue, courage and temperance.
στερόμενος δὲ ἀληθοῦς λόγου σοφὸς οὐκ ἄν ποτε γένοιτο, ὅτῳ δὲ σοφία μὴ προσείη, πάσης ἀρετῆς τὸ μέγιστον μέρος, οὐκ ἂν ἔτι τελέως ἀγαθὸς γενόμενος εὐδαίμων ποτὲ γένοιτο.
But one deprived of true reason could never become wise, and he to whom wisdom, the greatest part of all virtue, is not present, could never become happy by becoming completely good.
οὕτως ἀριθμὸν μὲν ἀνάγκη πᾶσα ὑποτίθεσθαι· διότι δὲ τοῦτο ἀνάγκη, λόγος ἔτι πλείων πάντων γίγνοιτʼ ἂν τῶν εἰρημένων.
Thus it is an absolute necessity to assume number; and why this is necessary would be a longer discourse than all that has been said.
ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ νῦν ὀρθῶς ῥηθήσεται, ὅτι καὶ τὰ τῶν ἄλλων τεχνῶν λεγόμενα, ἃ νυνδὴ διήλθομεν ἐῶντες εἶναι πάσας τὰς τέχνας, οὐδὲ τούτων ἓν οὐδὲν μένει, πάντα δʼ ἀπολείπεται τὸ παράπαν, ὅταν ἀριθμητικήν τις ἀνέλῃ.
But what is said now will also be said correctly, that of the other arts spoken of, which we just now passed over, letting all the arts be, not even one of these remains, but all are completely left behind, when one removes arithmetic.
§978ΑΘ. δόξειε δʼ ἂν ἴσως τις βραχέων ἕνεκα ἀριθμοῦ δεῖσθαι τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένος, εἰς τὰς τέχνας ἀποβλέψας—καίτοι μέγα μὲν καὶ τοῦτο—εἰ δέ τις ἴδοι τὸ θεῖον τῆς γενέσεως καὶ τὸ θνητόν, ἐν ᾧ καὶ τὸ θεοσεβὲς γνωρισθήσεται καὶ ὁ ἀριθμὸς ὄντως, οὐκ ἂν ἔτι πᾶς ἄν τις γνοίη σύμπαντα ἀριθμὸν ὅσης ἡμῖν δυνάμεως αἴτιος ἂν εἴη συγγιγνόμενος—ἐπεὶ καὶ τὰ κατὰ μουσικὴν πᾶσαν διαριθμουμένων κινήσεώς τε καὶ φθόγγων δῆλον ὅτι δεῖ—καὶ τὸ μέγιστον, ἀγαθῶν ὡς πάντων αἴτιον, ὅτι δὲ κακῶν οὐδενός, εὖ τοῦτο γνωστέον, ὃ καὶ τάχα γένοιτʼ ἄν.
ATHENIAN: And perhaps someone might think, looking at the arts, that the human race needs number for the sake of small things—and yet this too is great—but if one should see the divine aspect of generation and the mortal, in which both piety and number truly will be recognized, one would no longer fail to know how great a power the whole of number, when present with us, would cause for us—since indeed there is a clear need for it in all music as we count movements and sounds—and most importantly, that it is the cause of all goods, and of no evil, which must be well known, and which may soon become clear.
ἀλλʼ ἡ σχεδὸν ἀλόγιστός τε καὶ ἄτακτος ἀσχήμων τε καὶ ἄρρυθμος ἀνάρμοστός τε φορά, καὶ πάνθʼ ὁπόσα κακοῦ κεκοινώνηκέν τινος, ἐπιλέλειπται παντὸς ἀριθμοῦ, καὶ δεῖ τοῦθʼ οὕτω διανοεῖσθαι τὸν μέλλοντα εὐδαίμονα τελευτήσειν· καὶ τό γε δὴ δίκαιόν τε καὶ ἀγαθὸν καὶ καλὸν καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα οὐδείς ποτε μὴ γιγνώσκων, ἀληθοῦς δόξης ἐπιλαβόμενος, διαριθμήσεται πρὸς τὸ ἑαυτόν τε καὶ ἕτερον πεῖσαι τὸ παράπαν.
But the almost irrational, disorderly, graceless, rhythm-less, and harmonyless motion, and all things that have shared in any evil, are destitute of all number, and he who is to end his life happily must think of it in this way; and indeed, no one who does not know justice, the good, the beautiful, and all such things will ever, even if he grasps a true opinion, count them out so as to completely convince himself and another.
ἴωμεν δὴ σκεψόμενοι πρὸς τοῦτʼ αὐτό, πῶς ἐμάθομεν ἀριθμεῖν.
Let us then go to examine this very thing, how we learned to count.
φέρε· τὸ γὰρ ἓν δὴ καὶ δύο γέγονε πόθεν ἡμῖν ὥστʼ ἐννοῆσαι, φύσιν ταύτην ἔχουσιν ἐκ τοῦ παντὸς πρὸς τὸ δυνατοὺς ἐννοεῖν εἶναι;
Tell me: whence has the one and two come to us so that we conceive it, having this nature from the universe to be able to conceive it?
πολλοῖς δὲ ἄλλοις αὖ τῶν ζῴων οὐδʼ εἰς αὐτὸ τοῦθʼ ἡ φύσις παραγέγονεν, ὥστε μαθεῖν δυνατοῖς εἶναι παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς ἀριθμεῖν, παρὰ δʼ ἡμῖν τοῦτʼ αὐτὸ πρῶτον ἐνῴκισεν ὁ θεός, ὥστε ἱκανοῖς εἶναι δεικνύμενον συννοεῖν, ἔπειτʼ ἔδειξεν καὶ δείκνυσιν· ὧν τί κάλλιον ἓν ἑνὸς ἄν τις θεάσαιτο πλὴν τὸ τῆς ἡμέρας γένος, εἶτα εἰς τὸ τῆς νυκτὸς ἔλθοι μέρος ἔχων ὄψιν, ὅθεν ἕτερον πᾶν αὐτῷ φαίνοιτʼ ἄν;
While to many other animals this nature has not even come at all, so as to be able to learn to count from their father, god first implanted this very thing in us so that we are sufficient to comprehend it when shown, and then he showed and continues to show it; of which, what more beautiful single thing could one behold than the generation of the day, and then come to the part of the night having sight, whence all else would appear different to him?
καὶ ἑλίττων δὴ ταῦτα αὐτὰ ὅταν μὴ παύηται πολλὰς μὲν νύκτας, πολλὰς δὲ ἡμέρας οὐρανός, οὐδέποτε παύεται διδάσκων ἀνθρώπους ἕν τε καὶ δύο, πρὶν ἂν καὶ ὁ δυσμαθέστατος ἱκανῶς μάθῃ ἀριθμεῖν· ὡς γὰρ καὶ τρία καὶ τέτταρα καὶ πολλά, ἕκαστος ἡμῶν ἐπινοήσειεν ἂν ὁρῶν ταῦτα.
And indeed, when the heaven does not cease revolving these very things for many nights and many days, it never ceases teaching men one and two, until even the slowest learner learns sufficiently to count; for each of us, seeing these, would conceive three and four and many.
καὶ ἐκ τούτων ἓν ἐποίησεν τὴν σελήνην ὁ θεὸς ἀπεργασάμενος, ἣ τοτὲ μὲν μείζων φαινομένη, τοτὲ δʼ ἐλάττων, διεξῆλθεν ἄλλην ἀεὶ φαίνουσα ἡμέραν, μέχρι πεντεκαίδεκα ἡμερῶν καὶ νυκτῶν· αὕτη δʼ ἔστιν περίοδος, εἰ βούλεταί τις τὸν κύκλον ἕνα ὅλον εἰς ἓν τιθέναι, ὥστε ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν καὶ τὸ δυσμαθέστατον ἂν μαθεῖν ζῷον, οἷς παρέδωκεν φύσιν ὁ θεὸς τοῦ δυνατοῖς εἶναι μανθάνειν.
And from these god made the moon as a single work, which appearing sometimes larger and sometimes smaller, goes through its course always showing a different day, up to fifteen days and nights; and this is a cycle, if one wishes to put the whole circle as one into one, so that, so to speak, even the slowest animal would learn, to whom god handed down a nature of being able to learn.