§975ΑΘ. ἐροῦμεν δὴ αἵ τʼ εἰσὶν καὶ ὅτι πᾶς ἀνὴρ αὐτάς, σχεδὸν ὅσοις ἀγὼν πρόκειται τοῦ δοκεῖν ὡς ἄριστον ἄνδρα συμβῆναι γενόμενον ἄν, φεύγει διὰ τὰς κτήσεις τῆς φρονήσεώς τε καὶ ἐπιτηδεύσεως.
ATHENIAN: We shall speak then of what they are, and why almost every man—at least as many as have a contest before them to seem to turn out to be the best possible men—flees them because of the acquisitions of wisdom and pursuit.
ἔστω δὴ πρῶτον μὲν ἡ τῆς ἀλληλοφαγίας τῶν ζῴων ἡμᾶς τῶν μέν, ὡς ὁ μῦθός ἐστιν, τὸ παράπαν ἀποστήσασα, τῶν δὲ εἰς τὴν νόμιμον ἐδωδὴν καταστήσασα.
First, then, let us assume the one that completely removed us from the mutual devouring of animals, as the myth goes, and established us in lawful food.
ἵλεῳ δʼ ἡμῖν οἱ πρόσθεν εἴησάν τε καὶ εἰσίν—οἵτινες μὲν γὰρ οὖν ἐλέγομεν, πρῶτοι χαιρέτωσαν—ἡ δʼ οὖν ἀλφίτων τε καὶ ἀλεύρων ποίησις ἅμα καὶ τροφὴ καλὴ μὲν καὶ ἀγαθή, σοφὸν δὲ ἄνδρα τελέως οὐκ ἐθελήσει ποτὲ ἀπεργάσασθαι· τοῦτο γὰρ αὐτό, ἡ τῆς ποιήσεως ἐπίκλησις, τῶν ποιουμένων αὐτῶν δυσχέρειαν ἀπεργάζοιτʼ ἄν.
May the men of old be propitious to us, as indeed they are; for whoever they were that we were speaking of, let them first be dismissed with our greetings. At any rate, the production of barley meal and flour, together with nourishment, is indeed beautiful and good, but it will never be willing to make a man completely wise; for this very thing, the calling of "production," would produce a certain distaste for the things produced themselves.
σχεδὸν δʼ οὐδὲ χώρας συμπάσης γεωργία· οὐ γὰρ τέχνῃ ἀλλὰ φύσει κατὰ θεὸν πάντες φαινόμεθα γῆν μετακεχειρίσθαι.
And roughly not even the agriculture of the whole land; for we all seem to have handled the earth not by art but by nature according to god.
καὶ μὴν οὐδʼ ἡ τῶν οἰκήσεών γε συνυφὴ καὶ σύμπασα οἰκοδομία καὶ σκευῶν πάντων ἀπεργαστική, χαλκεία τε καὶ ἡ τῶν τεκτονικῶν καὶ πλαστικῶν καὶ πλεκτικῶν καὶ ἔτι συμπάντων ὀργάνων παρασκευή, δήμῳ τὸ πρόσφορον ἔχουσα, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐπʼ ἀρετῇ λεγομένη.
And indeed neither is the weaving of houses and the whole art of building, and the production of all vessels, smithing, and the preparation of carpentry, plastic, and weaving arts, and further of all instruments, which has usefulness for the common people but is not spoken of for virtue.
καὶ μὴν οὐδʼ ἡ σύμπασα θηρευτική, πολλή περ καὶ τεχνικὴ γεγονυῖα, τό γε μεγαλοπρεπὲς σὺν τῷ σοφῷ οὐκ ἀποδίδωσιν.
And indeed neither does the whole art of hunting, though it has become extensive and artistic, yield what is magnificent along with the wise.
οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ μαντική γε οὐδʼ ἑρμηνευτικὴ τὸ παράπαν· τὸ λεγόμενον γὰρ οἶδεν μόνον, εἰ δʼ ἀληθές, οὐκ ἔμαθεν.
Nor indeed prophecy at all, nor interpretation; for it knows only what is said, but whether it is true, it has not learned.
ὅτε δὴ τὴν τῶν ἀναγκαίων ὁρῶμεν κτῆσιν διὰ τέχνης μὲν ἀπεργαζομένην, τούτων δὲ οὐδεμίαν οὐδένα σοφὸν ποιοῦσαν, τό γε μετὰ τοῦτο παιδιά τις ἂν λείποιτο, μιμητικὴ μὲν τὸ πλεῖστον ἀλλʼ οὐδαμῇ σπουδαία.
Since indeed we see the acquisition of necessary things being produced through art, but none of these making anyone wise, what comes after this would be left as a kind of play, mostly imitative but in no way serious.
πολλοῖς μὲν γὰρ ὀργάνοις μιμοῦνται, πολλοῖς δʼ αὐτῶν τῶν σωμάτων οὐ πάντως εὐσχήμοσι μιμήμασιν, τά τε κατὰ λόγους καὶ μοῦσαν πᾶσαν, καὶ ὅσων γραφικὴ μήτηρ, πολλῶν καὶ παντοίων ποικιλμάτων ἀποτελουμένων ἐν πολλοῖς ὑγροῖς καὶ ξηροῖς γένεσιν· ὧν σοφὸν οὐδένα εἰς οὐδὲν σπουδῇ τῇ μεγίστῃ δημιουργοῦντα ἡ μιμητικὴ παρέχεται.
For they imitate with many instruments, and with many imitations of their bodies themselves, not altogether graceful, both in speeches and all muse, and of as many things as painting is the mother, many and various designs being completed in many wet and dry kinds; in which the imitative art renders no one wise in any respect, though they work with the greatest seriousness.
πάντων δʼ ἐξειργασμένων τὸ λοιπὸν βοήθεια γίγνοιτʼ ἂν μυρία μυρίοις, ἡ μὲν μεγίστη τε καὶ εἰς πλεῖστα πολεμικὴ κληθεῖσα, στρατηγικὴ τέχνη, εὐδοκιμωτάτη πρὸς χρείαν, εὐτυχίας πλείστης δεομένη, μᾶλλον δὲ ἀνδρείᾳ κατὰ φύσιν ἢ σοφίᾳ δεδομένη.
And when all these have been worked out, what remains would be countless helps for countless people, the greatest and most applicable to most things being called the military art, the art of generalship, most famous for usefulness, but needing the greatest good fortune, and given rather to natural courage than to wisdom.
§976ΑΘ. ἣν δὲ καλοῦσι μὲν ἰατρικήν, βοήθεια δέ που καὶ αὕτη σχεδὸν ὅσων ὧραι ψύχει καὶ καύματι ἀκαίρῳ καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς τοιούτοις ληίζονται τὴν τῶν ζῴων φύσιν.
ATHENIAN: And what they call medicine, this too is surely a help for almost as many things as the seasons with cold and untimely heat and all such things plunder the nature of animals.
εὐδόκιμον δὲ οὐδὲν τούτων εἰς σοφίαν τὴν ἀληθεστάτην· ἄμετρα γὰρ δόξαις φορεῖται τοπαζόμενα.
But none of these is reputable for the truest wisdom; for they are carried along by guesses, conjecturing without measure.
βοηθοὺς δέ που καὶ τοὺς κυβερνήτας ἅμα καὶ τοὺς ναύτας ἐροῦμεν, καὶ τούτων ἄνδρα σοφὸν μηδένα τις ἡμᾶς παραμυθούμενος ἐξ ἁπάντων διαγγελλέτω· οὐ γὰρ ἂν εἰδείη τις πνεύματος ὀργὴν οὐδὲ φιλίαν, ὃ προσφιλὲς ἁπάσῃ κυβερνητικῇ.
And we shall surely speak of pilots and sailors as helpers too, and let no one, in trying to console us, announce any wise man from among them all; for no one would know the anger or friendship of the wind, which is dear to the whole art of piloting.
καὶ μὴν οὐδʼ ὁπόσοι βοηθοὶ δίκαις ἐν τῇ τοῦ λέγειν ῥώμῃ φασὶ γίγνεσθαι, μνήμῃ καὶ τριβῇ δόξης ἤθεσιν προσέχοντες τὸν νοῦν, ἀληθείας δὲ τῶν ὄντως δικαίων ἐκτὸς παρεσφαλμένοι.
And indeed neither as many as claim to become helpers in lawsuits by the power of speaking, paying attention to the habits of opinion by memory and experience, but having strayed outside the truth of what is really just.
λοιπὴ δʼ ἔτι πρὸς δόξαν σοφίας ἐστίν τις ἄτοπος δύναμις, ἣν φύσιν ἂν οἱ πολλοὶ μᾶλλον ἢ σοφίαν ὀνομάσειαν, τότε ὅταν τινά τις συννοῇ ῥᾳδίως μὲν ὅτιπερ ἂν μανθάνῃ μανθάνοντα, μάλα δὲ πολλὰ καὶ ἀσφαλῶς μνημονεύοντα, ὅταν τε τὸ πρόσφορον ἑκάστῳ διαμνημονεύῃ τις, ὅτι γιγνόμενον ἂν πρέποι, τοῦτο δὲ ταχὺ δρᾷ· ταῦτα γὰρ ἅπαντα οἱ μὲν φύσιν, οἱ δὲ σοφίαν, οἱ δὲ ἀγχίνοιαν θήσουσιν φύσεως, σοφὸν δὲ ὄντως οὐδενὶ τούτων οὐδεὶς τῶν ἐμφρόνων ἐθελήσει ποτὲ καλεῖν.
There is still left, for the reputation of wisdom, a certain strange power, which the many would call nature rather than wisdom, whenever one perceives someone learning easily whatever they may learn, and remembering very many things and securely, and when one remembers what is suitable to each, that when it happens it would be fitting, and does this quickly; for some will class all these as nature, some as wisdom, and some as quickness of nature, but none of the prudent will ever be willing to call anyone truly wise because of these.
ἀλλὰ μὴν δεῖ φανῆναί γέ τινα ἐπιστήμην ἣν ἔχων σοφὸς γίγνοιτʼ ἂν ὁ σοφὸς ὄντως ὢν καὶ μὴ μόνον δοξαζόμενος.
But indeed there must appear some science by possessing which the one who is truly wise, and not merely thought so, would become wise.
ἴδωμεν δή.
Let us see then.
χαλεπῷ μὲν γὰρ λόγῳ παντάπασιν ἐπιχειροῦμεν, ἑτέραν πάρεξ τῶν εἰρημένων εὑρεῖν, ἣ σοφία μὲν λέγοιτʼ ἂν ὄντως τε καὶ εἰκότως, ὁ δὲ λαβὼν οὔτε βάναυσος οὔτʼ ἠλίθιος ἔσται, σοφὸς δὲ καὶ ἀγαθὸς διʼ αὐτὴν πολίτης τε καὶ ἄρχων καὶ ἀρχόμενος ἐνδίκως ἔσται πόλεως ἅμα καὶ ἐμμελής.
For we are attempting a completely difficult discourse, to find another besides those mentioned, which would be called wisdom truly and reasonably, and the one who receives it will be neither vulgar nor foolish, but will be wise and good because of it, and a citizen, ruler, and ruled in a city justly and harmoniously at the same time.
κατίδωμεν δὴ ταύτην πρώτην, τίς ποτʼ ἐκ τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως ἐπιστήμη μία διεξελθοῦσα ἢ μὴ παραγενομένη τῶν νῦν παρουσῶν ἀνοητότατον ἂν καὶ ἀφρονέστατον παράσχοιτο ζῷον τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων.
Let us then see this first, what single science from human nature, if it were removed or had not been present among those now present, would render the human race the most foolish and unthinking animal.
οὐ δὴ τοῦτό γε πάνυ χαλεπὸν τὸ κατιδεῖν.
Indeed, this is not at all difficult to see.
μία γὰρ ὡς εἰπεῖν πρὸς μίαν ἡ τὸν ἀριθμὸν δοῦσα παντὶ τῷ θνητῷ γένει τοῦτʼ ἂν δράσειεν· θεὸν δʼ αὐτὸν μᾶλλον ἤ τινα τύχην ἡγοῦμαι δόντα ἡμῖν σῴζειν ἡμᾶς.
For one, so to speak, against one, the one that gave number to the whole mortal race, would do this; and I think it is god himself rather than some fortune who, by giving it to us, preserves us.