§9.876ΑΘ. ἓν μὲν γὰρ κατὰ πάντων ἀναγκαῖον ἐπιτρέπειν κρῖναι, τὸ πότερον ἐγένετο ἢ οὐκ ἐγένετο ἕκαστον τούτων· τὸ δὲ μηδὲν ἐπιτρέπειν αὖ περὶ τοῦ τί δεῖ ζημιοῦσθαι καὶ πάσχειν τί χρεὼν τὸν ἀδικήσαντα τούτων τι, ἀλλʼ αὐτὸν περὶ πάντων νομοθετῆσαι σμικρῶν καὶ μεγάλων, σχεδὸν ἀδύνατον.
ATH. For one thing indeed is necessary to permit them to judge in all cases, namely, whether each of these things happened or did not happen; but, on the other hand, to permit nothing concerning what penalty must be suffered and what the wrongdoer of any of these things ought to undergo, but to legislate oneself about all things great and small, is virtually impossible.
ΚΛ. τίς οὖν ὁ μετὰ τοῦτον λόγος;
CL. What, then, is the argument after this?
ΑΘ. ὅδε, ὅτι τὰ μὲν ἐπιτρεπτέον δικαστηρίοις, τὰ δὲ οὐκ ἐπιτρεπτέον, ἀλλʼ αὐτῷ νομοθετητέον.
ATH. It is this: that some things must be permitted to the courts, while others must not be permitted, but must be legislated by the legislator himself.
ΚΛ. ποῖα δὴ νομοθετητέον τε καὶ ποῖα ἀποδοτέον κρίνειν τοῖς δικαστηρίοις;
CL. Which kinds of things, then, must be legislated, and which must be assigned to the courts to judge?
ΑΘ. τάδε δὴ μετὰ ταῦτα ὀρθότατʼ ἂν εἰπεῖν εἴη, ὡς ἐν πόλει ἐν ᾗ δικαστήρια φαῦλα καὶ ἄφωνα, κλέπτοντα τὰς αὑτῶν δόξας, κρύβδην τὰς κρίσεις διαδικάζει καί, ὃ τούτου δεινότερον, ὅταν μηδὲ σιγῶντα ἀλλὰ θορύβου μεστὰ καθάπερ θέατρα ἐπαινοῦντά τε βοῇ καὶ ψέγοντα τῶν ῥητόρων ἑκάτερον ἐν μέρει κρίνῃ, χαλεπὸν τότε πάθος ὅλῃ τῇ πόλει γίγνεσθαι φιλεῖ.
ATH. The most correct thing to say after this would be as follows: that in a city in which the courts are poor and mute, stealing their own opinions and deciding their judgments in secret, and, what is more terrible than this, when they judge not even in silence but full of clamor like theatres, praising and blaming with shouts each of the speakers in turn, then a grievous suffering is wont to befall the whole city.
τοῖς οὖν δὴ τοιούτοις δικαστηρίοις νομοθετεῖν ὑπό τινος ἀνάγκης ληφθέντα οὐκ εὐτυχὲς μέν, ὅμως δὲ ἐξ ἀνάγκης εἰλημμένον ὅτι περὶ σμικρότατα ἐπιτρεπτέον αὐτοῖς τάττειν τὰς ζημίας, τὰ δὲ πλεῖστα αὐτὸν νομοθετεῖν διαρρήδην, ἄν τις ἄρα τοιαύτῃ πολιτείᾳ νομοθετῇ ποτε·
Therefore, to legislate for such courts, when one is gripped by some necessity, is not a fortunate thing; yet, when one is gripped by necessity, one must permit them to determine penalties only concerning the smallest matters, while legislating the most of them explicitly oneself, if indeed anyone should ever legislate for such a constitution.
ἐν ᾗ δὲ ἂν πόλει δικαστήρια εἰς δύναμιν ὀρθῶς καθεστῶτα ᾖ, τραφέντων τε εὖ τῶν μελλόντων δικάζειν δοκιμασθέντων τε διὰ πάσης ἀκριβείας, ἐνταῦθα ὀρθὸν καὶ ἔχον εὖ καὶ καλῶς τὸ πολλὰ ἐπιτρέπειν κρίνειν τοῖς τοιούτοις δικασταῖς τῶν ὀφλόντων πέρι, τί χρὴ πάσχειν αὐτοὺς ἢ ἀποτίνειν.
But in whatever city the courts are established as rightly as possible, and those who are to judge have been well trained and tested with all accuracy, there it is right, fitting, and noble to permit such judges to decide many things concerning those convicted, as to what they must suffer or pay.
ἡμῖν δὴ τὰ νῦν ἀνεμέσητον τὸ μὴ νομοθετεῖν αὐτοῖς τὰ μέγιστα καὶ πλεῖστα, ἃ καὶ φαυλοτέρως ἂν πεπαιδευμένοι δικασταὶ δύναιντο κατιδεῖν καὶ προσάπτειν ἑκάστῳ τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων τὴν ἀξίαν τοῦ πάθους τε καὶ πράξεως· ἐπειδὴ δὲ οἷς ἡμεῖς νομοθετοῦμεν, οὐχ ἥκιστα ἐμμελεῖς αὐτοὺς οἰόμεθʼ ἂν τῶν τοιούτων γίγνεσθαι κριτάς, ἐπιτρεπτέον δὴ τὰ πλεῖστα.
To us now indeed, it is not blameworthy not to legislate for them the greatest and most numerous things, which even less educated judges would be able to discern and to attach to each of the offenses the worthy measure of suffering and action; but since we believe that those for whom we are legislating would become not least harmonious judges of such matters, we must indeed permit them the most things.
οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ ὅπερ πολλάκις εἴπομέν τε καὶ ἐδράσαμεν ἐν τῇ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν νομοθετήσει νόμων, τὸ περιγραφήν τε καὶ τοὺς τύπους τῶν τιμωριῶν εἰπόντας, δοῦναι τὰ παραδείγματα τοῖσι δικασταῖς τοῦ μήποτε βαίνειν ἔξω τῆς δίκης, τότε τε ἦν ὀρθότατα ἔχον καὶ δὴ καὶ νῦν τοῦτο αὐτὸ ποιητέον, ἐπανελθόντα ἤδη πάλιν ἐπὶ τοὺς νόμους.
Nevertheless, what we often said and did in the previous legislation of laws—namely, stating the outline and the types of punishments, to give patterns to the judges so that they may never step outside of justice—was most correct then, and indeed now too this very thing must be done, returning once again to the laws.
§9.877ΑΘ. ἡ δὴ γραφὴ περὶ τραύματος ὧδε ἡμῖν κείσθω·
ATH.
ἐάν τις διανοηθεὶς τῇ βουλήσει κτεῖναί τινα φίλιον, πλὴν ὧν ὁ νόμος ἐφίησιν, τρώσῃ μέν, ἀποκτεῖναι δὲ ἀδυνατήσῃ, τὸν διανοηθέντα τε καὶ τρώσαντα οὕτως οὐκ ἄξιον ἐλεεῖν, οὐδὲ αἰδούμενον ἄλλως ἢ καθάπερ ἀποκτείναντα ὑπέχειν τὴν δίκην φόνου ἀναγκάζειν·
Let the indictment concerning wounding be established for us as follows: if anyone, having intended in his will to kill someone friendly, except for those whom the law permits, should wound him indeed, but be unable to kill him, it is not right to pity the one who so intended and wounded, nor to hesitate to compel him to undergo the trial for murder just as if he had killed him.
τὴν δὲ οὐ παντάπασι κακὴν τύχην αὐτοῦ σεβόμενον καὶ τὸν δαίμονα, ὃς αὐτὸν καὶ τὸν τρωθέντα ἐλεήσας ἀπότροπος αὐτοῖς ἐγένετο μὴ τῷ μὲν ἀνίατον ἕλκος γενέσθαι, τῷ δὲ ἐπάρατον τύχην καὶ συμφοράν, τούτῳ δὴ χάριν τῷ δαίμονι διδόντα καὶ μὴ ἐναντιούμενον, τὸν μὲν θάνατον ἀφελεῖν τοῦ τρώσαντος, μετάστασιν δὲ εἰς τὴν γείτονα πόλιν αὐτῷ γίγνεσθαι διὰ βίου, καρπούμενον ἅπασαν τὴν αὑτοῦ κτῆσιν.
But respecting his fortune which was not altogether bad, and the guardian spirit who, having pitied him and the wounded man, stood as a turning-away helper for them, so that for the one an incurable wound did not occur, and for the other a cursed fortune and calamity, and rendering thanks to this guardian spirit and not opposing him, one should remove death from the wounder, and let there be for him a lifelong banishment to a neighboring city, while he enjoys the fruits of all his own property.
βλάβος δέ, εἰ κατέβλαψεν τὸν τρωθέντα, ἐκτίνειν τῷ βλαφθέντι, τιμᾶν δὲ τὸ δικαστήριον ὅπερ ἂν τὴν δίκην κρίνῃ, κρίνειν δὲ οἵπερ ἂν τοῦ φόνου ἐδίκασαν εἰ ἐτελεύτησεν ἐκ τῆς πληγῆς τοῦ τραύματος.
And if he damaged the wounded man, he must pay compensation for the damage to the injured party, and the court which judges the case must assess the amount, and those very judges who would have judged the murder if he had died from the blow of the wound must judge the case.
γονέας δʼ ἂν παῖς ἢ δοῦλος δεσπότην ὡσαύτως ἐκ προνοίας τρώσῃ, θάνατον εἶναι τὴν ζημίαν· καὶ ἐὰν ἀδελφὸς ἀδελφὸν ἢ ἀδελφὴν ἢ ἀδελφὴ ἀδελφὸν ἢ ἀδελφὴν ὡσαύτως τρώσῃ, καὶ ὄφλῃ τραύματος ἐκ προνοίας, θάνατον εἶναι τὴν ζημίαν.
And if a child should wound a parent, or a slave a master, in like manner with forethought, let the penalty be death; and if a brother should wound a brother or a sister, or a sister a brother or a sister, in like manner, and be convicted of wounding with forethought, let the penalty be death.
γυνὴ δὲ ἄνδρα ἑαυτῆς ἐξ ἐπιβουλῆς τοῦ ἀποκτεῖναι τρώσασα, ἢ ἀνὴρ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ γυναῖκα, φευγέτω ἀειφυγίαν· τὴν δὲ κτῆσιν, ἐὰν μὲν ὑεῖς ἢ θυγατέρες αὐτοῖς ὦσιν παῖδες ἔτι, τοὺς ἐπιτρόπους ἐπιτροπεύειν καὶ ὡς ὀρφανῶν τῶν παίδων ἐπιμελεῖσθαι· ἐὰν δὲ ἄνδρες, μὴ ἐπάναγκες ἔστω τρέφεσθαι τὸν φεύγοντα ὑπὸ τῶν ἐκγόνων, τὴν δὲ οὐσίαν αὐτοὺς κεκτῆσθαι.
If a wife wounds her own husband with the design of killing him, or a husband his own wife, let them flee into lifelong exile; and as for their property, if they have sons or daughters who are still children, let guardians manage it and care for the children as orphans; but if they are grown men, let it not be compulsory for the exile to be supported by the offspring, and let the offspring possess the estate.
ἄπαις δὲ ὅστις ἂν τοιαύταις συμφοραῖς περιπέσῃ, τοὺς συγγενεῖς συνελθόντας μέχρι ἀνεψιῶν παίδων τοῦ πεφευγότος ἀμφοτέρωθεν, πρός τε ἀνδρῶν καὶ πρὸς γυναικῶν, κληρονόμον εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦτον τῇ πόλει τετταρακοντακαιπεντακισχιλιοστὸν καταστῆσαι βουλευομένους μετὰ νομοφυλάκων καὶ ἱερέων, διανοηθέντας τρόπῳ καὶ λόγῳ τοιῷδε, ὡς οὐδεὶς οἶκος τῶν τετταράκοντα καὶ πεντακισχιλίων τοῦ ἐνοικοῦντός ἐστιν οὐδὲ σύμπαντος τοῦ γένους οὕτως ὡς τῆς πόλεως δημόσιός τε καὶ ἴδιος· δεῖ δὴ τήν γε πόλιν τοὺς αὑτῆς οἴκους ὡς ὁσιωτάτους τε καὶ εὐτυχεστάτους κεκτῆσθαι κατὰ δύναμιν.
And if anyone without children should fall into such misfortunes, let the relatives, gathering together as far as the children of cousins of the exile on both sides, both from the men's side and the women's side, establish an heir for this house as the five-thousand-and-fortieth for the city, deliberating with the guardians of the laws and the priests, thinking in such a manner and reason: that no house of the five thousand and forty belongs to the resident nor to the whole clan so much as it belongs to the city as both public and private; indeed, the city must possess its own houses as most holy and fortunate as possible.