§8.832ΑΘ. αὕτη μὲν τοίνυν, ἣν λέγω, μία κείσθω διακωλύουσα αἰτία τοῦ μήτε ἄλλο καλὸν μήτε τὰ πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ἱκανῶς ἐῶσα ἀσκεῖν τὰς πόλεις, ἀλλʼ ἐμπόρους τε καὶ ναυκλήρους καὶ διακόνους πάντως τοὺς φύσει κοσμίους τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀπεργαζομένη, τοὺς δὲ ἀνδρείους λῃστὰς καὶ τοιχωρύχους καὶ ἱεροσύλους καὶ πολεμικοὺς καὶ τυραννικοὺς ποιοῦσα, καὶ μάλʼ ἐνίοτε οὐκ ἀφυεῖς ὄντας, δυστυχοῦντάς γε μήν.
ATH. Therefore, let this one, which I am speaking of, be set down as a preventing cause which does not allow the cities to practice sufficiently either any other beautiful thing or the matters relating to war, but instead turns those who are by nature orderly among men altogether into merchants and ship-owners and servants, and makes the courageous into robbers and house-breakers and temple-plunderers and warmongers and tyrants, who are indeed sometimes not without natural talent, but are nevertheless unfortunate.
ΚΛ. πῶς λέγεις;
CL. How do you mean?
ΑΘ. πῶς μὲν οὖν αὐτοὺς οὐ λέγοιμʼ ἂν τὸ παράπαν δυστυχεῖς, οἷς γε ἀνάγκη διὰ βίου πεινῶσιν τὴν ψυχὴν ἀεὶ τὴν αὑτῶν διεξελθεῖν;
ATH. How indeed should I not call them altogether unfortunate, who are compelled to go through life always starving their own soul?
ΚΛ. αὕτη μὲν τοίνυν μία· τὴν δὲ δὴ δευτέραν αἰτίαν τίνα λέγεις, ὦ ξένε;
CL. This indeed is one; but what indeed do you say the second cause is, stranger?
ΑΘ. καλῶς ὑπέμνησας.
ATH. You have reminded me well.
ΚΛ. αὕτη μὲν δή, φῂς σύ, μία, ἡ διὰ βίου ἄπληστος ζήτησις, παρέχουσα ἄσχολον ἕκαστον, ἐμπόδιος γίγνεται τοῦ μὴ καλῶς ἀσκεῖν τὰ περὶ τὸν πόλεμον ἑκάστους.
CL. This indeed, you say, is one: the lifelong greedy pursuit, making each one busy, becomes a hindrance to each training well in matters of war.
ἔστω· τὴν δὲ δὴ δευτέραν λέγε.
Let it be so; now speak of the second.
ΑΘ. μῶν οὐ λέγειν ἀλλὰ διατρίβειν δοκῶ διʼ ἀπορίαν;
ATH. Do I seem to you not to speak but to delay through lack of resources?
ΚΛ. οὔκ, ἀλλὰ οἷον μισῶν δοκεῖς ἡμῖν κολάζειν τὸ τοιοῦτον ἦθος μᾶλλον τοῦ δέοντος τῷ παραπεπτωκότι λόγῳ.
CL. No, but you seem to us, as if in hatred, to punish such a character more than is necessary in the course of the argument.
ΑΘ. κάλλιστα, ὦ ξένοι, ἐπεπλήξατε· καὶ τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο ἀκούοιτʼ ἄν, ὡς ἔοικε.
ATH. Most beautifully, strangers, have you rebuked me; and after this you will hear, as it seems.
ΚΛ. λέγε μόνον.
CL. Speak only.
ΑΘ. τὰς οὐ πολιτείας ἔγωγε αἰτίας εἶναί φημι ἃς πολλάκις εἴρηκα ἐν τοῖς πρόσθεν λόγοις, δημοκρατίαν καὶ ὀλιγαρχίαν καὶ τυραννίδα.
ATH. I say indeed that the "non-constitutions" are the causes, which I have often mentioned in the previous arguments: democracy, oligarchy, and tyranny.
τούτων γὰρ δὴ πολιτεία μὲν οὐδεμία, στασιωτεῖαι δὲ πᾶσαι λέγοιντʼ ἂν ὀρθότατα· ἑκόντων γὰρ ἑκοῦσα οὐδεμία, ἀλλʼ ἀκόντων ἑκοῦσα ἄρχει σὺν ἀεί τινι βίᾳ, φοβούμενος δὲ ἄρχων ἀρχόμενον οὔτε καλὸν οὔτε πλούσιον οὔτε ἰσχυρὸν οὔτʼ ἀνδρεῖον οὔτε τὸ παράπαν πολεμικὸν ἑκὼν ἐάσει γίγνεσθαί ποτε.
For of these, not one is a constitution, but all would be most correctly called factions; for none of them rules willingly over willing subjects, but rules willingly over unwilling subjects with constant violence, and the ruler, fearing the subject, will never willingly allow him to become beautiful, rich, strong, courageous, or altogether warlike.
ταῦτʼ οὖν ἐστι τὰ δύο πάντων μὲν σμικροῦ διαφερόντως αἴτια, τούτων δʼ οὖν ὄντως διαφέρει.
These, then, are the two causes which are extraordinarily responsible for almost all things, but they are indeed outstanding in these matters.
τὸ δὲ τῆς νῦν πολιτείας, ἣν νομοθετούμενοι λέγομεν, ἐκπέφευγεν ἀμφότερα· σχολήν τε γὰρ ἄγει που μεγίστην, ἐλεύθεροί τε ἀπʼ ἀλλήλων εἰσί, φιλοχρήματοι δὲ ἥκιστʼ ἄν, οἶμαι, γίγνοιντʼ ἂν ἐκ τούτων τῶν νόμων, ὥστʼ εἰκότως ἅμα καὶ κατὰ λόγον ἡ τοιαύτη κατάστασις πολιτείας μόνη δέξαιτʼ ἂν τῶν νῦν τὴν διαπερανθεῖσαν παιδείαν τε ἅμα καὶ παιδιὰν πολεμικήν, ἀποτελεσθεῖσαν ὀρθῶς τῷ λόγῳ.
But the state of our present constitution, which we discuss while legislating, has escaped both; for it enjoys, I suppose, the greatest leisure, and the citizens are free from one another, and they would, I think, least of all become lovers of wealth from these laws. So that naturally and reasonably, such a constitutional order alone of those now existing would receive the military education and play which we have just gone through, being correctly completed in our argument.
ΚΛ. καλῶς.
CL. Good.
ΑΘ. ἆρʼ οὖν οὐ τούτοις ἐφεξῆς ἐστιν μνησθῆναί ποτε περὶ ἁπάντων τῶν ἀγώνων τῶν γυμνικῶν, ὡς ὅσα μὲν αὐτῶν πρὸς πόλεμόν ἐστιν ἀγωνίσματα ἐπιτηδευτέον καὶ θετέον ἆθλα νικητήρια, ὅσα δὲ μή, χαίρειν ἐατέον;
ATH. Is it not, then, next in order to these to mention at some point all the gymnastic contests, showing which of them are useful for war and should be practiced and have prizes of victory proposed, and which are not, and should be dismissed?
ἃ δʼ ἔστιν, ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἄμεινον ῥηθῆναί τε καὶ νομοθετηθῆναι.
And those which are useful, it is better to speak of and legislate from the beginning.
καὶ πρῶτον μὲν τὰ περὶ δρόμον καὶ τάχος ὅλως ἆρʼ οὐ θετέον;
And first, should we not establish those concerning running and speed in general?
ΚΛ. θετέον.
CL. We must establish them.
§8.833ΑΘ. ἔστι γοῦν πάντων πολεμικώτατον ἡ σώματος ὀξύτης πάντως, ἡ μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν ποδῶν, ἡ δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν χειρῶν·
ATH. Indeed, the speed of the body is in every way the most warlike of all things, on the one hand that of the feet, and on the other hand also that of the hands.
φυγεῖν μὲν καὶ ἑλεῖν ἡ τῶν ποδῶν, ἡ δʼ ἐν ταῖς συμπλοκαῖς μάχη καὶ σύστασις ἰσχύος καὶ ῥώμης δεομένη.
That of the feet is for fleeing and capturing, while that of the hands is for battle in close encounters and wrestling, which requires strength and physical vigor.
ΚΛ. τί μήν;
CL. Of course.
ΑΘ. οὐ μὴν χωρίς γε ὅπλων οὐδετέρα τὴν μεγίστην ἔχει χρείαν.
ATH. Yet neither of them has its greatest utility without weapons.
ΚΛ. πῶς γὰρ ἄν;
CL. For how could they?
ΑΘ. σταδιοδρόμον δὴ πρῶτον ὁ κῆρυξ ἡμῖν, καθάπερ νῦν, ἐν τοῖς ἀγῶσι παρακαλεῖ, ὁ δὲ εἴσεισιν ὅπλα ἔχων· ψιλῷ δὲ ἆθλα οὐ θήσομεν ἀγωνιστῇ.
ATH. Therefore, as is done now, the herald invites first the short-distance runner for us in the contests, but he enters carrying weapons; we shall not set prizes for an unarmed competitor.
πρῶτος δὲ εἴσεισιν ὁ τὸ στάδιον ἁμιλλησόμενος σὺν τοῖς ὅπλοις, δεύτερος δὲ ὁ τὸν δίαυλον, καὶ τρίτος ὁ τὸν ἐφίππιον, καὶ δὴ καὶ τέταρτος ὁ τὸν δόλιχον, καὶ πέμπτος δὲ ὃν ἀφήσομεν πρῶτον ὡπλισμένον, ἑξήκοντα μὲν σταδίων μῆκος πρὸς ἱερὸν Ἄρεώς τι καὶ πάλιν, βαρύτερον, ὁπλίτην ἐπονομάζοντες, λειοτέρας ὁδοῦ διαμιλλώμενον, τὸν δὲ ἄλλον, τοξότην πᾶσαν τοξικὴν ἔχοντα στολήν, σταδίων δὲ ἑκατὸν πρὸς Ἀπόλλωνός τε καὶ Ἀρτέμιδος ἱερὸν τὴν διʼ ὀρῶν τε καὶ παντοίας χώρας ἁμιλλώμενον·
First, then, he who is to contend in the short-distance race (stadion) with weapons will enter, second he in the double-stadion (diaulos), third he in the horse-length race (ephippios), and indeed fourth he in the long-distance race (dolichos), and fifth, the one whom we shall start first in heavy armor, running a distance of sixty stadia to some temple of Ares and back, whom we call the heavy-armed runner (hoplite), competing on a smoother road; and the other, the archer-runner, wearing all the archer's equipment, contending over a distance of one hundred stadia to the temple of Apollo and Artemis, through mountains and all kinds of terrain.
καὶ τιθέντες τὸν ἀγῶνα μενοῦμεν τούτους, ἕως ἂν ἔλθωσι, καὶ τῷ νικῶντι τὰ νικητήρια δώσομεν ἑκάστων.
And establishing the contest, we shall wait for these until they arrive, and we shall give the prizes of victory to the winner of each.
ΚΛ. ὀρθῶς.
CL. Correct.
ΑΘ. τριττὰ δὴ ταῦτα ἀθλήματα διανοηθῶμεν, ἓν μὲν παιδικόν, ἓν δὲ ἀγενείων, ἓν δὲ ἀνδρῶν·
ATH. Let us then conceive of these contests as threefold: one for boys, one for the beardless youth, and one for men.
καὶ τοῖς μὲν τῶν ἀγενείων τὰ δύο τῶν τριῶν τοῦ μήκους τοῦ δρόμου θήσομεν, τοῖς δὲ παισὶ τὰ τούτων ἡμίσεα, τοξόταις τε καὶ ὁπλίταις ἁμιλλωμένοις, γυναιξὶν δέ, κόραις μὲν ἀνήβοις γυμναῖς στάδιον καὶ δίαυλον καὶ ἐφίππιον καὶ δόλιχον, ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ δρόμῳ ἁμιλλωμέναις, ταῖς δὲ τριακαιδεκέτεσι μέχρι γάμου μενούσαις κοινωνίας μὴ μακρότερον εἴκοσι ἐτῶν μηδʼ ἔλαττον ὀκτωκαίδεκα· πρεπούσῃ δὲ στολῇ ταύτας ἐσταλμένας καταβατέον ἐπὶ τὴν ἅμιλλαν τούτων τῶν δρόμων.
And for the beardless youth we shall establish two-thirds of the length of the race, and for the boys half of this, both archers and heavy-armed competitors contending. And for women: for the underaged girls, naked, we shall establish the stadion, diaulos, ephippios, and dolichos, contending in the racecourse itself. But for those from thirteen years old until marriage (their participation being not longer than twenty years of age nor less than eighteen), they must enter the competition in these races dressed in suitable attire.
καὶ τὰ μὲν περὶ δρόμους ἀνδράσι τε καὶ γυναιξὶ ταῦτα ἔστω·
And let these be the rules concerning races for men and women.
τὰ δὲ κατʼ ἰσχύν, ἀντὶ μὲν πάλης καὶ τῶν τοιούτων, τὰ νῦν ὅσα βαρέα, τὴν ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις μάχην, ἕνα τε πρὸς ἕνα διαμαχομένους καὶ δύο πρὸς δύο, καὶ μέχρι δέκα πρὸς δέκα διαμιλλωμένους ἀλλήλοις.
On the other hand, in contests of strength, instead of wrestling and such things, which are now called heavy events, we shall establish armed combat, contending one against one, two against two, and up to ten against ten, competing with one another.