Humanitext Reader

Plato · Laws §12.951

Sacred Envoys, Observers of Foreign Laws, and the Nocturnal Council

Passage 176 of 186 · Greek

Summary

This section explains the significance of sending envoys to sacred festivals, proposes the institution of "observers" to study foreign laws and wise men in order to improve domestic legislation, and defines the composition of the early morning council of law supervisors to whom they report upon their return.

§12.951ΑΘ. Πυθώδε τῷ Ἀπόλλωνι καὶ εἰς Ὀλυμπίαν τῷ Διὶ καὶ εἰς Νεμέαν καὶ εἰς Ἰσθμὸν χρὴ πέμπειν κοινωνοῦντας θυσιῶν τε καὶ ἀγώνων τούτοις τοῖς θεοῖς, πέμπειν δὲ εἰς δύναμιν ὅτι πλείστους ἅμα καὶ καλλίστους τε καὶ ἀρίστους, οἵτινες εὐδόκιμον τὴν πόλιν ἐν ἱεραῖς τε καὶ εἰρηνικαῖς συνουσίαις ποιήσουσι δοκεῖν, τοῖς περὶ τὸν πόλεμον ἀντίστροφον ἀποδιδόντες δόξης παρασκευήν, ἐλθόντες δὲ οἴκαδε διδάξουσι τοὺς νέους ὅτι δεύτερα τὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἐστὶ νόμιμα τὰ περὶ τὰς πολιτείας.
ATH. We must send to Pytho for Apollo, to Olympia for Zeus, and to Nemea and the Isthmus, to share in the sacrifices and contests for these gods; and we must send, as far as possible, at the same time as many and as beautiful and excellent men as possible, who will make the city seem well-reputed in sacred and peaceful gatherings, rendering a preparation of reputation corresponding to that concerning war, and having come home, they will teach the young that the laws of other states concerning constitutions are second.
θεωροὺς δὲ ἄλλους ἐκπέμπειν χρεὼν τοιούσδε τινὰς τοὺς νομοφύλακας παρεμένους· ἄν τινες ἐπιθυμῶσι τῶν πολιτῶν τὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἀνθρώπων πράγματα θεωρῆσαι κατά τινα πλείω σχολήν, ἀπειργέτω μηδεὶς τούτους νόμος.
But it is necessary to send out other observers of the following kind, with the permission of the law-wardens: if any of the citizens desire to observe the affairs of other men with somewhat greater leisure, let no law prevent them.
οὔτε γὰρ ἄπειρος οὖσα πόλις ἀνθρώπων κακῶν καὶ ἀγαθῶν δύναιτʼ ἄν ποτε, ἀνομίλητος οὖσα, ἥμερος ἱκανῶς εἶναι καὶ τέλεος, οὐδʼ αὖ τοὺς νόμους διαφυλάττειν ἄνευ τοῦ γνώμῃ λαβεῖν αὐτοὺς ἀλλὰ μὴ μόνον ἔθεσιν.
For a city that is inexperienced in bad and good men could never, being unacquainted with them, be sufficiently civilized and perfect, nor again could it preserve the laws without grasping them by reason and not merely by habit.
εἰσὶ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς πολλοῖς ἄνθρωποι ἀεὶ θεῖοί τινες—οὐ πολλοί—παντὸς ἄξιοι συγγίγνεσθαι, φυόμενοι οὐδὲν μᾶλλον ἐν εὐνομουμέναις πόλεσιν ἢ καὶ μή, ὧν κατʼ ἴχνος ἀεὶ χρὴ τὸν ἐν ταῖς εὐνομουμέναις πόλεσιν οἰκοῦντα, ἐξιόντα κατὰ θάλατταν καὶ γῆν, ζητεῖν ὃς ἂν ἀδιάφθαρτος ᾖ, τὰ μὲν βεβαιούμενον τῶν νομίμων, ὅσα καλῶς αὐτοῖς κεῖται, τὰ δʼ ἐπανορθούμενον, εἴ τι παραλείπεται.
For there are always among the multitude certain divine men—not many—who are entirely worthy of association, and who grow no more in well-ordered cities than in those that are not; along whose track he who dwells in well-ordered cities must always search, going out by sea and land, for whoever is uncorrupted, confirming those of their laws that are well established, and correcting them if anything is omitted.
ἄνευ γὰρ ταύτης τῆς θεωρίας καὶ ζητήσεως οὐ μένει ποτὲ τελέως πόλις, οὐδʼ ἂν κακῶς αὐτὴν θεωρῶσιν.
For without this observation and inquiry a city never remains perfect, nor if they conduct this observation badly.
ΚΛ. πῶς οὖν ἂν γίγνοιτʼ ἀμφότερα;
CLE. How then could both of these things come about?
ΑΘ. τῇδε.
ATH. In this way.
πρῶτον μὲν ὁ θεωρὸς ὁ τοιοῦτος ἡμῖν γεγονὼς ἔστω πλειόνων ἐτῶν ἢ πεντήκοντα, ἔτι δὲ τῶν εὐδοκίμων τά τε ἄλλα καὶ εἰς τὸν πόλεμον ἔστω γεγενημένος, εἰ μέλλει τὸ τῶν νομοφυλάκων δεῖγμα εἰς τὰς ἄλλας μεθήσειν πόλεις· πλέον δὲ ἑξήκοντα γεγονὼς ἐτῶν μηκέτι θεωρείτω.
First, let such an observer of ours be more than fifty years of age, and moreover, let him be of those who are well-reputed in other matters and also in war, if he is to send out the specimen of the law-wardens to other cities; and having become more than sixty years old, let him no longer observe.
θεωρήσας δὲ ὁπόσʼ ἂν ἔτη βουληθῇ τῶν δέκα καὶ ἀφικόμενος οἴκαδε, εἰς τὸν σύλλογον ἴτω τὸν τῶν περὶ νόμους ἐποπτευόντων· οὗτος δʼ ἔστω νέων καὶ πρεσβυτέρων μεμειγμένος, ἑκάστης μὲν ἡμέρας συλλεγόμενος ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἀπʼ ὄρθρου μέχριπερ ἂν ἥλιος ἀνάσχῃ, πρῶτον μὲν τῶν ἱερέων τῶν τὰ ἀριστεῖα εἰληφότων, ἔπειτα τῶν νομοφυλάκων τοὺς ἀεὶ πρεσβεύοντας δέκα.
And having observed for as many years as he wishes out of the ten, and having arrived home, let him go to the assembly of those who supervise the laws; and let this be mixed of young and older men, meeting of necessity every day from dawn until the sun rises, first consisting of the priests who have received the prizes of valor, and then of the ten oldest of the law-wardens.
ἔτι ὁ περὶ τῆς παιδείας πάσης ἐπιμελητὴς ὅ τε νέος οἵ τε ἐκ τῆς ἀρχῆς ταύτης ἀπηλλαγμένοι.
In addition, the director of all education, both the current one and those who have been released from this office.
ἕκαστος δὲ τούτων μὴ μόνος, ἀλλʼ ἴτω μετὰ νέου ἀπὸ τριάκοντα ἐτῶν μέχρι τετταράκοντα, τὸν ἀρέσκοντα αὑτῷ προσλαμβάνων.
And let each of these go not alone, but with a young man of thirty to forty years of age, taking along whomsoever pleases him.

Notes

  1. 951aτοὺς νομοφύλακας παρεμένους — The participle παρεμένους (or παρειμένους) is the perfect or present middle-passive participle of παρίημι ('to permit', 'allow'), which, taking the accusative τοὺς νομοφύλακας, means 'permitted by the law-wardens'. Although sometimes confused in manuscripts with παραμένω ('to remain'), the context requires the meaning of being dispatched with the authorization of the law-wardens.
  2. 951eτοὺς ἀεὶ πρεσβεύοντας δέκα — The present participle πρεσβεύοντας, which usually means 'serving as envoys', is used here in the sense of being senior or pre-eminent in age or standing (derived from πρεσβεύω), referring to 'the ten oldest' among the law-wardens.

Cite this passage

Plato, Laws §12.951. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg034.humanitext-grc2:12.951

Please note the AI-draft status of the translation and the date accessed.

Translation, notes and summary are AI-generated drafts, revised through reader feedback.