§12.949ΑΘ. νόμος δὴ κείσθω δικαστὴν μὲν ὀμνύναι δικάζειν μέλλοντα, καὶ τὸν τὰς ἀρχὰς τῷ κοινῷ καθιστάντα διʼ ὅρκων ἢ διὰ φορᾶς ψήφων ἀφʼ ἱερῶν φέροντα δρᾶν ἀεὶ τὸ τοιοῦτον, καὶ κριτὴν αὖ χορῶν καὶ πάσης μουσικῆς καὶ γυμνικῶν τε καὶ ἱππικῶν ἄθλων ἐπιστάτας καὶ βραβέας καὶ ἁπάντων ὁπόσα μὴ φέρει κέρδος κατὰ τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην δόξαν τῷ ἐπιορκοῦντι· τῶν δὲ ὁπόσα ἐξαρνηθέντι καὶ ἐξομοσαμένῳ κέρδος μέγα φανερὸν εἶναι δοκεῖ, ταῦτα δὲ διὰ δικῶν ὅρκων χωρὶς κρίνεσθαι σύμπαντας τοὺς ἐπικαλοῦντας ἀλλήλοις.
ATH. Let a law indeed be laid down that a judge who is about to judge shall take an oath, and that he who appoints the offices for the community shall always do such a thing either by oaths or by casting votes brought from the temples; and likewise for a judge of choruses and all music, and the directors and umpires of gymnastic and equestrian contests, and all matters that, according to human opinion, do not bring profit to the one who commits perjury; but as for all those matters in which, to one who denies and swears falsely, a great profit seems to be manifest, let all these be judged without oaths in lawsuits among those who appeal to one another.
καὶ τὸ παράπαν ἐν δίκῃ τοὺς προέδρους μὴ ἐπιτρέπειν μήτε ὀμνύντι λέγειν πιθανότητος χάριν μήτε ἐπαρώμενον ἑαυτῷ καὶ γένει μήτε ἱκετείαις χρώμενον ἀσχήμοσιν μήτε οἴκτοις γυναικείοις, ἀλλὰ τὸ δίκαιον μετʼ εὐφημίας διδάσκοντα καὶ μανθάνοντα ἀεὶ διατελεῖν, εἰ δὲ μή, καθάπερ ἔξω τοῦ λόγου λέγοντος, τοὺς ἄρχοντας πάλιν ἐπανάγειν εἰς τὸν περὶ τοῦ πράγματος ἀεὶ λόγον.
And in general, in a lawsuit, let the presiding officers not permit anyone either to speak while taking an oath for the sake of persuasiveness, or to invoke curses upon himself and his family, or to employ unseemly supplications or womanish lamentations, but to continue always teaching and learning what is just with proper language; otherwise, as speaking outside the subject, let the officers bring them back again to the discourse about the matter itself.
ξένῳ δʼ εἶναι πρὸς ξένους, καθάπερ τὰ νῦν, δέχεσθαί τε ὅρκους παρʼ ἀλλήλων, ἂν ἐθέλωσι, καὶ διδόναι κυρίως—οὐ γὰρ καταγηράσουσιν οὐδʼ ἐννεοττεύοντες ἐν τῇ πόλει ὡς τὸ πολὺ τοιούτους ἄλλους κυρίους τῆς χώρας παρέξονται συντρόφους —δικῶν τε περὶ λήξεως τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον εἶναι πρὸς ἀλλήλους πᾶσι τὴν κρίσιν.
And for a foreigner against foreigners, as at present, let them accept oaths from one another, if they wish, and give them legally—for they will not grow old in the city, nor, by nesting here, will they for the most part leave other such masters of the land as companions brought up with them—and let the judgment for all concerning the bringing of lawsuits be in the same manner against one another.
ὅσα τις ἐλεύθερος ἀπειθεῖ τῇ πόλει, μήτʼ οὖν πληγῶν ἄξια μηδʼ αὖ δεσμῶν μηδὲ θανάτου, περὶ δὲ χορείας τινῶν φοιτήσεων ἢ πομπεύσεων ἢ τοιούτων τινῶν ἄλλων κοινῶν κοσμήσεων ἢ λῃτουργιῶν, ὁπόσα περὶ θυσίας εἰρηνικῆς ἢ πολεμικῶν εἰσφορῶν εἵνεκα, πάντων τῶν τοιούτων τὴν πρώτην ἀνάγκην ἰατὴν εἶναι τῆς ζημίας, τοῖς δὲ μὴ πειθομένοις ἐνεχυρασίαν τούτοις οἷς ἂν πόλις ἅμα καὶ νόμος εἰσπράττειν προστάττῃ, τῶν δὲ ἀπειθούντων ταῖς ἐνεχυρασίαις πρᾶσιν τῶν ἐνεχύρων εἶναι, τὸ δὲ νόμισμα γίγνεσθαι τῇ πόλει· ἐὰν δὲ ζημίας δέωνται πλείονος, τὰς ἀρχὰς ἑκάστας τοῖς ἀπειθοῦσι τὰς πρεπούσας ζημίας ἐπιβαλλούσας εἰσάγειν εἰς τὸ δικαστήριον, ἕως ἂν ἐθελήσωσι δρᾶν τὸ προσταχθέν.
In all matters where a free man disobeys the city, which are not indeed worthy of stripes, nor again of imprisonment, nor of death, but concern certain attendances at choruses or processions, or some other such common decorations or public services, as many as concern peaceful sacrifice or for the sake of military contributions, in all such matters let the first compulsion be a healing of the penalty; and for those who do not obey, let there be a seizure of pledge by those whom the city and law together command to extract it, and of those who disobey the seizures of pledge, let there be a sale of the pledges, and let the money go to the city; and if they require a greater penalty, let each of the offices impose the fitting penalties on those who disobey, and bring them into court, until they are willing to do what has been commanded.
πόλει δέ, ἥτις ἂν μήτε χρηματίζηται πλὴν τὸν ἐκ γῆς χρηματισμὸν μήτʼ ἐμπορεύηται, περὶ ἀποδημίας ἑαυτῶν ἔξω τῆς χώρας καὶ ξένων ὑποδοχῆς ἄλλοθεν ἀνάγκη βεβουλεῦσθαι τί χρὴ δρᾶν· συμβουλεύειν οὖν τὸν νομοθέτην δεῖ τούτων πέρι πρῶτον πείθοντα εἰς δύναμιν.
But for a city that does not make money except for the money-making from land, nor engages in commerce, it is necessary to have deliberated concerning their own traveling outside the country and the reception of foreigners from elsewhere, as to what must be done; therefore, the lawmaker must advise concerning these things, first persuading to the best of his power.
§12.950ΑΘ. πέφυκεν δὲ ἡ πόλεων ἐπιμειξία πόλεσιν ἤθη κεραννύναι παντοδαπά, καινοτομίας ἀλλήλοις ἐμποιούντων ξένων ξένοις· ὃ δὴ τοῖς μὲν εὖ πολιτευομένοις διὰ νόμων ὀρθῶν βλάβην ἂν φέροι μεγίστην πασῶν, ταῖς δὲ πλείσταις πόλεσιν, ἅτε οὐδαμῶς εὐνομουμέναις, οὐδὲν διαφέρει φύρεσθαι δεχομένους τε αὐτοῖς ξένους καὶ αὐτοὺς εἰς τὰς ἄλλας ἐπικωμάζοντας πόλεις, ὅταν ἐπιθυμήσῃ τις ἀποδημίας ὁπῃοῦν καὶ ὁπότε, εἴτε νέος εἴτε καὶ πρεσβύτερος ὤν.
ATH. But the intercourse of cities with one another naturally mixes all kinds of characters into cities, since foreigners introduce innovations to other foreigners; and this indeed, for those who are well governed by upright laws, would bring the greatest damage of all, but for most cities, since they are in no way well-ordered, it makes no difference to be mixed by receiving foreigners into themselves and by themselves rushing to other cities, whenever anyone desires to travel anywhere and at any time, whether he is young or older.
τὸ δʼ αὖ μήτε ἄλλους δέχεσθαι μήτε αὐτοὺς ἄλλοσε ἀποδημεῖν ἅμα μὲν οὐκ ἐγχωρεῖ τό γε παράπαν, ἔτι δὲ ἄγριον καὶ ἀπηνὲς φαίνοιτʼ ἂν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀνθρώποις, ὀνόμασίν τε χαλεποῖς ταῖσιν λεγομέναις ξενηλασίαις χρωμένους καὶ τρόποις αὐθάδεσι καὶ χαλεποῖς, ὡς δοκοῖεν ἄν· χρὴ δὲ οὔποτε περὶ σμικροῦ ποιεῖσθαι τὸ δοκεῖν ἀγαθοὺς εἶναι τοῖς ἄλλοις ἢ μὴ δοκεῖν.
On the other hand, neither to receive others nor themselves to travel elsewhere is, on the one hand, not possible at all, and further, it would seem savage and harsh to the rest of mankind, since they would seem to use harsh names, such as the so-called "expulsions of foreigners," and stubborn and harsh ways; and one must never make light of appearing good to others or not appearing so.
οὐ γὰρ ὅσον οὐσίας ἀρετῆς ἀπεσφαλμένοι τυγχάνουσιν οἱ πολλοί, τοσοῦτον καὶ τοῦ κρίνειν τοὺς ἄλλους ὅσοι πονηροὶ καὶ χρηστοί, θεῖον δέ τι καὶ εὔστοχον ἔνεστι καὶ τοῖσιν κακοῖς, ὥστε πάμπολλοι καὶ τῶν σφόδρα κακῶν εὖ τοῖς λόγοις καὶ ταῖς δόξαις διαιροῦνται τοὺς ἀμείνους τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ τοὺς χείρονας.
For the majority are not so far failed of the possession of virtue as they are of judging others as to who are wicked and who are good, but there is some divine and accurate hit even in the wicked, so that very many even of the extremely wicked distinguish well in their words and opinions the better of men from the worse.
διὸ καλὸν ταῖς πολλαῖς πόλεσι τὸ παρακέλευμά ἐστιν, προτιμᾶν τὴν εὐδοξίαν πρὸς τῶν πολλῶν.
Therefore, the exhortation to many cities is a good one, to value highly good reputation in the eyes of the majority.
τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὀρθότατον καὶ μέγιστον, ὄντα ἀγαθὸν ἀληθῶς οὕτω τὸν εὔδοξον βίον θηρεύειν, χωρὶς δὲ μηδαμῶς, τόν γε τέλεον ἄνδρα ἐσόμενον, καὶ δὴ καὶ τῇ κατὰ Κρήτην οἰκιζομένῃ πόλει πρέπον ἂν εἴη δόξαν πρὸς τῶν ἄλλων ἀνθρώπων ὅτι καλλίστην τε καὶ ἀρίστην παρασκευάζεσθαι πρὸς ἀρετήν·
For the most upright and greatest thing is, being truly good, to hunt for the life of good reputation in this way, and by no means separately, for one who is to be a perfect man; and indeed, for the city being founded in Crete, it would be fitting to prepare for itself from the rest of mankind a reputation as beautiful and excellent as possible in respect to virtue.
πᾶσα δʼ ἐλπὶς αὐτὴν ἐκ τῶν εἰκότων, ἄνπερ κατὰ λόγον γίγνηται, μετʼ ὀλίγων ἥλιον ὄψεσθαι καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους θεοὺς ἐν ταῖς εὐνόμοις πόλεσι καὶ χώραις.
And there is every hope, according to what is likely, if it happens in accordance with reason, that it will be one of the few to see the sun and the other gods in well-ordered cities and lands.
ὧδε οὖν χρὴ ποιεῖν περὶ ἀποδημίας εἰς ἄλλας χώρας καὶ τόπους καὶ περὶ ὑποδοχῆς ξένων.
Thus, then, must one do concerning traveling to other countries and places, and concerning the reception of foreigners.
πρῶτον μὲν νεωτέρῳ ἐτῶν τετταράκοντα μὴ ἐξέστω ἀποδημῆσαι μηδαμῇ μηδαμῶς, ἔτι τε ἰδίᾳ μηδενί, δημοσίᾳ δʼ ἔστω κήρυξιν ἢ πρεσβείαις ἢ καί τισι θεωροῖς· τὰς δὲ κατὰ πόλεμον καὶ στρατείας ἀποδημίας οὐκ ἐν ἐκδημίαις πολιτικαῖς ἄξιον ἀγορεύειν ὡς τούτων οὔσας.
First, let it not be permitted for anyone younger than forty years old to travel anywhere in any way, and further, let no one travel privately, but let it be publicly for heralds or embassies, or also for certain sacred envoys; but as for travel during war and military campaigns, it is not fitting to speak of these among civil travels as being of these.