§84ΤΙ. διακρινομένης μὲν οὖν ὑπὸ νόσων τῆς σαρκὸς ἑκάστης, μενόντων δὲ τῶν πυθμένων αὐταῖς ἡμίσεια τῆς συμφορᾶς ἡ δύναμις—ἀνάληψιν γὰρ ἔτι μετʼ εὐπετείας ἴσχει— τὸ δὲ δὴ σάρκας ὀστοῖς συνδοῦν ὁπότʼ ἂν νοσήσῃ, καὶ μηκέτι αὐτὸ ἐξ ἰνῶν αἷμα καὶ νεύρων ἀποχωριζόμενον ὀστῷ μὲν τροφή, σαρκὶ δὲ πρὸς ὀστοῦν γίγνηται δεσμός, ἀλλʼ ἐκ λιπαροῦ καὶ λείου καὶ γλίσχρου τραχὺ καὶ ἁλμυρὸν αὐχμῆσαν ὑπὸ κακῆς διαίτης γένηται, τότε ταῦτα πάσχον πᾶν τὸ τοιοῦτον καταψήχεται μὲν αὐτὸ πάλιν ὑπὸ τὰς σάρκας καὶ τὰ νεῦρα, ἀφιστάμενον ἀπὸ τῶν ὀστῶν, αἱ δʼ ἐκ τῶν ῥιζῶν συνεκπίπτουσαι τά τε νεῦρα γυμνὰ καταλείπουσι καὶ μεστὰ ἅλμης· αὐταὶ δὲ πάλιν εἰς τὴν αἵματος φορὰν ἐμπεσοῦσαι τὰ πρόσθεν ῥηθέντα νοσήματα πλείω ποιοῦσιν.
TI. Now, when each part of the flesh is dissolved by diseases, but their foundations remain, the power of the calamity is only half—for it still admits of recovery with ease. But when that which binds the flesh to the bones becomes diseased, and no longer, being separated from fibers and sinews, does the blood itself become nourishment for the bone and a bond for the flesh to the bone, but instead of being oily, smooth, and sticky, it becomes rough, salty, and parched owing to a bad diet, then all this substance, suffering these things, crumbles back under the flesh and the sinews, separating from the bones, while the flesh, falling away together from its roots, leaves the sinews bare and full of brine; and these, falling back in turn into the circulation of the blood, multiply the previously mentioned diseases.
χαλεπῶν δὲ τούτων περὶ τὰ σώματα παθημάτων γιγνομένων μείζω ἔτι γίγνεται τὰ πρὸ τούτων, ὅταν ὀστοῦν διὰ πυκνότητα σαρκὸς ἀναπνοὴν μὴ λαμβάνον ἱκανήν, ὑπʼ εὐρῶτος θερμαινόμενον, σφακελίσαν μήτε τὴν τροφὴν καταδέχηται πάλιν τε αὐτὸ εἰς ἐκείνην ἐναντίως ἴῃ ψηχόμενον, ἡ δʼ εἰς σάρκας, σὰρξ δὲ εἰς αἷμα ἐμπίπτουσα τραχύτερα πάντα τῶν πρόσθεν τὰ νοσήματα ἀπεργάζηται·
While these affections occurring about the body are severe, those prior to them become even greater: when a bone, not receiving sufficient respiration because of the density of the flesh, being heated by mold, decays and neither admits nourishment nor, on the contrary, goes back into it by crumbling, but the crumbled bone falls into the flesh, and the flesh into the blood, making all the previous diseases more severe.
τὸ δʼ ἔσχατον πάντων, ὅταν ἡ τοῦ μυελοῦ φύσις ἀπʼ ἐνδείας ἤ τινος ὑπερβολῆς νοσήσῃ, τὰ μέγιστα καὶ κυριώτατα πρὸς θάνατον τῶν νοσημάτων ἀποτελεῖ, πάσης ἀνάπαλιν τῆς τοῦ σώματος φύσεως ἐξ ἀνάγκης ῥυείσης.
But the ultimate of all, when the nature of the marrow becomes diseased from deficiency or some excess, results in the greatest and most critical diseases leading to death, as the entire nature of the body of necessity flows in reverse.
τρίτον δʼ αὖ νοσημάτων εἶδος τριχῇ δεῖ διανοεῖσθαι γιγνόμενον, τὸ μὲν ὑπὸ πνεύματος, τὸ δὲ φλέγματος, τὸ δὲ χολῆς.
In turn, a third class of diseases must be conceived as occurring in three ways: one through breath, another through phlegm, and another through bile.
ὅταν μὲν γὰρ ὁ τῶν πνευμάτων τῷ σώματι ταμίας πλεύμων μὴ καθαρὰς παρέχῃ τὰς διεξόδους ὑπὸ ῥευμάτων φραχθείς, ἔνθα μὲν οὐκ ἰόν, ἔνθα δὲ πλεῖον ἢ τὸ προσῆκον πνεῦμα εἰσιὸν τὰ μὲν οὐ τυγχάνοντα ἀναψυχῆς σήπει, τὰ δὲ τῶν φλεβῶν διαβιαζόμενον καὶ συνεπιστρέφον αὐτὰ τῆκόν τε τὸ σῶμα εἰς τὸ μέσον αὐτοῦ διάφραγμά τʼ ἴσχον ἐναπολαμβάνεται, καὶ μυρία δὴ νοσήματα ἐκ τούτων ἀλγεινὰ μετὰ πλήθους ἱδρῶτος πολλάκις ἀπείργασται.
For when the lungs, the steward of breaths for the body, being blocked by rheums, do not afford clean passages, then the wind, entering not at all in one place, and in another more than is proper, rots the parts that do not obtain cooling, while in other parts, forcing its way through the veins and twisting them, it melts the body and, being intercepted at the diaphragm in its midst, is shut in, and from these causes countless painful diseases are produced, often with an abundance of sweat.
πολλάκις δʼ ἐν τῷ σώματι διακριθείσης σαρκὸς πνεῦμα ἐγγενόμενον καὶ ἀδυνατοῦν ἔξω πορευθῆναι τὰς αὐτὰς τοῖς ἐπεισεληλυθόσιν ὠδῖνας παρέσχεν, μεγίστας δέ, ὅταν περὶ τὰ νεῦρα καὶ τὰ ταύτῃ φλέβια περιστὰν καὶ ἀνοιδῆσαν τούς τε ἐπιτόνους καὶ τὰ συνεχῆ νεῦρα οὕτως εἰς τὸ ἐξόπισθεν κατατείνῃ τούτοις· ἃ δὴ καὶ ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ τῆς συντονίας τοῦ παθήματος τὰ νοσήματα τέτανοί τε καὶ ὀπισθότονοι προσερρήθησαν.
And often, when flesh is dissolved within the body, wind generated therein and being unable to escape outwards causes the same pains as those that have entered from without, and the greatest pains when, gathering around the sinews and the small veins there and swelling up, it stretches the tension-sinews and the continuous sinews backwards; which diseases indeed, from the very tension of the affection, have been called "tetanus" and "opisthotonus." TI.
§85ΤΙ. ὧν καὶ τὸ φάρμακον χαλεπόν· πυρετοὶ γὰρ οὖν δὴ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐπιγιγνόμενοι μάλιστα λύουσιν.
For which even the remedy is difficult; for indeed, fevers supervening upon such conditions especially dissolve them.
τὸ δὲ λευκὸν φλέγμα διὰ τὸ τῶν πομφολύγων πνεῦμα χαλεπὸν ἀποληφθέν, ἔξω δὲ τοῦ σώματος ἀναπνοὰς ἴσχον ἠπιώτερον μέν, καταποικίλλει δὲ τὸ σῶμα λεύκας ἀλφούς τε καὶ τὰ τούτων συγγενῆ νοσήματα ἀποτίκτον.
But white phlegm is dangerous when intercepted because of the wind in the bubbles, but if it obtains outlets outside the body, it is milder, yet it variegates the body, producing white leprosy, scurfy eruptions, and diseases akin to these.
μετὰ χολῆς δὲ μελαίνης κερασθὲν ἐπὶ τὰς περιόδους τε τὰς ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ θειοτάτας οὔσας ἐπισκεδαννύμενον καὶ συνταράττον αὐτάς, καθʼ ὕπνον μὲν ἰὸν πρᾳΰτερον, ἐγρηγορόσιν δὲ ἐπιτιθέμενον δυσαπαλλακτότερον· νόσημα δὲ ἱερᾶς ὂν φύσεως ἐνδικώτατα ἱερὸν λέγεται. φλέγμα δʼ ὀξὺ καὶ ἁλμυρὸν πηγὴ πάντων νοσημάτων ὅσα γίγνεται καταρροϊκά· διὰ δὲ τοὺς τόπους εἰς οὓς ῥεῖ παντοδαποὺς ὄντας παντοῖα ὀνόματα εἴληφεν.
When mixed with black bile and dispersed over the most divine circulations in the head, throwing them into confusion, if it comes during sleep it is milder, but if it attacks those who are awake, it is harder to get rid of; and being a disease of a sacred nature, it is most justly called the "sacred disease." On the other hand, acid and salty phlegm is the source of all diseases that are catarrhal; and because of the places into which it flows, being of all kinds, it has received all kinds of names.
ὅσα δὲ φλεγμαίνειν λέγεται τοῦ σώματος, ἀπὸ τοῦ κάεσθαί τε καὶ φλέγεσθαι, διὰ χολὴν γέγονε πάντα.
All those parts of the body that are said to be "inflamed" (phlegmainein), from burning and being on fire, have all arisen because of bile.
λαμβάνουσα μὲν οὖν ἀναπνοὴν ἔξω παντοῖα ἀναπέμπει φύματα ζέουσα, καθειργνυμένη δʼ ἐντὸς πυρίκαυτα νοσήματα πολλὰ ἐμποιεῖ, μέγιστον δέ, ὅταν αἵματι καθαρῷ συγκερασθεῖσα τὸ τῶν ἰνῶν γένος ἐκ τῆς ἑαυτῶν διαφορῇ τάξεως, αἳ διεσπάρησαν μὲν εἰς αἷμα, ἵνα συμμέτρως λεπτότητος ἴσχοι καὶ πάχους καὶ μήτε διὰ θερμότητα ὡς ὑγρὸν ἐκ μανοῦ τοῦ σώματος ἐκρέοι, μήτʼ αὖ πυκνότερον δυσκίνητον ὂν μόλις ἀναστρέφοιτο ἐν ταῖς φλεψίν.
Therefore, if it obtains respiration outwards, it sends up all kinds of eruptions as it boils, but if shut in within, it produces many fiery diseases, and the greatest of all when, mixed with pure blood, it disperses the class of fibers from their own order—which fibers were scattered in the blood so that it might have a symmetrical proportion of thinness and thickness, and might neither flow out of the porous body as a liquid because of heat, nor, being denser and hard to move, scarcely turn in the veins.
καιρὸν δὴ τούτων ἶνες τῇ τῆς φύσεως γενέσει φυλάττουσιν· ἃς ὅταν τις καὶ τεθνεῶτος αἵματος ἐν ψύξει τε ὄντος πρὸς ἀλλήλας συναγάγῃ, διαχεῖται πᾶν τὸ λοιπὸν αἷμα, ἐαθεῖσαι δὲ ταχὺ μετὰ τοῦ περιεστῶτος αὐτὸ ψύχους συμπηγνύασιν.
Indeed, fibers preserve the proper measure of these in the generation of nature; which fibers, even in dead blood and under cold, if one brings them together, the rest of the blood dissolves, but if left alone, they quickly congeal it along with the surrounding cold.
ταύτην δὴ τὴν δύναμιν ἐχουσῶν ἰνῶν ἐν αἵματι χολὴ φύσει παλαιὸν αἷμα γεγονυῖα καὶ πάλιν ἐκ τῶν σαρκῶν εἰς τοῦτο τετηκυῖα, θερμὴ καὶ ὑγρὰ κατʼ ὀλίγον τὸ πρῶτον ἐμπίπτουσα πήγνυται διὰ τὴν τῶν ἰνῶν δύναμιν, πηγνυμένη δὲ καὶ βίᾳ κατασβεννυμένη χειμῶνα καὶ τρόμον ἐντὸς παρέχει.
Since fibers have this power in the blood, bile, which is by nature old blood and has melted back into it from the flesh, being hot and moist, when it first falls in little by little, congeals because of the power of the fibers, and when congealed and violently extinguished, it produces chill and shivering within.