§82ΤΙ. τὸ δὲ τῶν νόσων ὅθεν συνίσταται, δῆλόν που καὶ παντί.
TI. Where the constitution of diseases arises from is surely obvious to everyone.
τεττάρων γὰρ ὄντων γενῶν ἐξ ὧν συμπέπηγεν τὸ σῶμα, γῆς πυρὸς ὕδατός τε καὶ ἀέρος, τούτων ἡ παρὰ φύσιν πλεονεξία καὶ ἔνδεια καὶ τῆς χώρας μετάστασις ἐξ οἰκείας ἐπʼ ἀλλοτρίαν γιγνομένη, πυρός τε αὖ καὶ τῶν ἑτέρων ἐπειδὴ γένη πλείονα ἑνὸς ὄντα τυγχάνει, τὸ μὴ προσῆκον ἕκαστον ἑαυτῷ προσλαμβάνειν, καὶ πάνθʼ ὅσα τοιαῦτα, στάσεις καὶ νόσους παρέχει·
For since there are four kinds from which the body has been framed—earth, fire, water, and air—the unnatural excess and deficiency of these, and the change of their place from their own to an alien one, and again, because there happen to be more kinds than one of fire and of the other elements, each receiving what is not appropriate to itself, and all such things, bring about factions and diseases.
παρὰ φύσιν γὰρ ἑκάστου γιγνομένου καὶ μεθισταμένου θερμαίνεται μὲν ὅσα ἂν πρότερον ψύχηται, ξηρὰ δὲ ὄντα εἰς ὕστερον γίγνεται νοτερά, καὶ κοῦφα δὴ καὶ βαρέα, καὶ πάσας πάντῃ μεταβολὰς δέχεται.
For when each of them is produced and shifts its place contrary to nature, those things that were previously cooled are heated, and those that were dry later become moist, and likewise the light and the heavy, and they undergo all kinds of changes in every way.
μόνως γὰρ δή, φαμέν, ταὐτὸν ταὐτῷ κατὰ ταὐτὸν καὶ ὡσαύτως καὶ ἀνὰ λόγον προσγιγνόμενον καὶ ἀπογιγνόμενον ἐάσει ταὐτὸν ὂν αὑτῷ σῶν καὶ ὑγιὲς μένειν·
For indeed, we say, only when the same thing is added to or taken away from the same thing, in the same way, in like manner, and in proportion, will it allow it to remain safe and healthy, being identical with itself.
ὃ δʼ ἂν πλημμελήσῃ τι τούτων ἐκτὸς ἀπιὸν ἢ προσιόν, ἀλλοιότητας παμποικίλας καὶ νόσους φθοράς τε ἀπείρους παρέξεται.
But whatever commits any error in these matters, departing or approaching on the outside, will produce all-various alterations and diseases and countless destructions.
δευτέρων δὴ συστάσεων αὖ κατὰ φύσιν συνεστηκυιῶν, δευτέρα κατανόησις νοσημάτων τῷ βουλομένῳ γίγνεται συννοῆσαι.
Now, since secondary structures have in turn been constituted according to nature, a second understanding of diseases is available for anyone who wishes to comprehend them.
μυελοῦ γὰρ ἐξ ἐκείνων ὀστοῦ τε καὶ σαρκὸς καὶ νεύρου συμπαγέντος, ἔτι τε αἵματος ἄλλον μὲν τρόπον, ἐκ δὲ τῶν αὐτῶν γεγονότος, τῶν μὲν ἄλλων τὰ πλεῖστα ᾗπερ τὰ πρόσθεν, τὰ δὲ μέγιστα τῶν νοσημάτων τῇδε χαλεπὰ συμπέπτωκεν· ὅταν ἀνάπαλιν ἡ γένεσις τούτων πορεύηται, τότε ταῦτα διαφθείρεται.
For since marrow, bone, flesh, and sinew have been compacted from those elements, and blood also has arisen from the same elements though in another way, most of the other phenomena occur as before, but the greatest of diseases happen to be severe in the following way: when the generation of these proceeds in reverse, then they are destroyed.
κατὰ φύσιν γὰρ σάρκες μὲν καὶ νεῦρα ἐξ αἵματος γίγνεται, νεῦρον μὲν ἐξ ἰνῶν διὰ τὴν συγγένειαν, σάρκες δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ παγέντος ὃ πήγνυται χωριζόμενον ἰνῶν·
For according to nature, flesh and sinews arise from blood—sinew indeed from fibers because of kinship, and flesh from the coagulation of that which coagulates when separated from fibers.
τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν νεύρων καὶ σαρκῶν ἀπιὸν αὖ γλίσχρον καὶ λιπαρὸν ἅμα μὲν τὴν σάρκα κολλᾷ πρὸς τὴν τῶν ὀστῶν φύσιν αὐτό τε τὸ περὶ τὸν μυελὸν ὀστοῦν τρέφον αὔξει, τὸ δʼ αὖ διὰ τὴν πυκνότητα τῶν ὀστῶν διηθούμενον καθαρώτατον γένος τῶν τριγώνων λειότατόν τε καὶ λιπαρώτατον, λειβόμενον ἀπὸ τῶν ὀστῶν καὶ στάζον, ἄρδει τὸν μυελόν.
On the other hand, the sticky and oily substance departing from the sinews and flesh glues the flesh to the nature of the bones, and at the same time nourishes and grows the bone itself surrounding the marrow. While that which in turn is filtered through the density of the bones, being the purest kind of triangles, smoothest and oiliest, dripping and trickling from the bones, waters the marrow.
καὶ κατὰ ταῦτα μὲν γιγνομένων ἑκάστων ὑγίεια συμβαίνει τὰ πολλά· νόσοι δέ, ὅταν ἐναντίως.
And when each of these occurs in this way, health happens for the most part; but diseases arise when it is otherwise.
ὅταν γὰρ τηκομένη σὰρξ ἀνάπαλιν εἰς τὰς φλέβας τὴν τηκεδόνα ἐξιῇ, τότε μετὰ πνεύματος αἷμα πολύ τε καὶ παντοδαπὸν ἐν ταῖς φλεψὶ χρώμασι καὶ πικρότησι ποικιλλόμενον, ἔτι δὲ ὀξείαις καὶ ἁλμυραῖς δυνάμεσι, χολὰς καὶ ἰχῶρας καὶ φλέγματα παντοῖα ἴσχει·
For when melting flesh discharges its melt back into the veins, then, along with air, blood that is both abundant and of all sorts, variegated in colors and bitternesses, and furthermore in acid and salty qualities, comes to contain all kinds of biles, lymphs, and phlegms.
§83ΤΙ. παλιναίρετα γὰρ πάντα γεγονότα καὶ διεφθαρμένα τό τε αἷμα αὐτὸ πρῶτον διόλλυσι, καὶ αὐτὰ οὐδεμίαν τροφὴν ἔτι τῷ σώματι παρέχοντα φέρεται πάντῃ διὰ τῶν φλεβῶν, τάξιν τῶν κατὰ φύσιν οὐκέτʼ ἴσχοντα περιόδων, ἐχθρὰ μὲν αὐτὰ αὑτοῖς διὰ τὸ μηδεμίαν ἀπόλαυσιν ἑαυτῶν ἔχειν, τῷ συνεστῶτι δὲ τοῦ σώματος καὶ μένοντι κατὰ χώραν πολέμια, διολλύντα καὶ τήκοντα.
TI. For all these, having become reversed and corrupted, first destroy the blood itself, and themselves, no longer affording any nourishment to the body, are carried everywhere through the veins, no longer maintaining the order of natural circulations, being hostile to themselves because they can have no enjoyment of one another, and hostile to the established and abiding structure of the body, destroying and melting it.
ὅσον μὲν οὖν ἂν παλαιότατον ὂν τῆς σαρκὸς τακῇ, δύσπεπτον γιγνόμενον μελαίνει μὲν ὑπὸ παλαιᾶς συγκαύσεως, διὰ δὲ τὸ πάντῃ διαβεβρῶσθαι πικρὸν ὂν παντὶ χαλεπὸν προσπίπτει τοῦ σώματος ὅσον ἂν μήπω διεφθαρμένον ᾖ, καὶ τοτὲ μὲν ἀντὶ τῆς πικρότητος ὀξύτητα ἔσχεν τὸ μέλαν χρῶμα, ἀπολεπτυνθέντος μᾶλλον τοῦ πικροῦ, τοτὲ δὲ ἡ πικρότης αὖ βαφεῖσα αἵματι χρῶμα ἔσχεν ἐρυθρώτερον, τοῦ δὲ μέλανος τούτῳ συγκεραννυμένου χλοῶδες·
Therefore, whatever part of the flesh being oldest is melted, becoming hard to digest, turns black because of ancient burning, and being entirely corroded, is bitter and falls hostilely upon every part of the body that is not yet corrupted. And sometimes the black color gets acidity instead of bitterness, when the bitter is further thinned, and at other times the bitterness, being dyed in turn with blood, gets a redder color, and when the black is mixed with this, a green color.
ἔτι δὲ συμμείγνυται ξανθὸν χρῶμα μετὰ τῆς πικρότητος, ὅταν νέα συντακῇ σὰρξ ὑπὸ τοῦ περὶ τὴν φλόγα πυρός.
Furthermore, a yellow color is mixed with the bitterness when new flesh is melted together by the fire about the flame.
καὶ τὸ μὲν κοινὸν ὄνομα πᾶσιν τούτοις ἤ τινες ἰατρῶν που χολὴν ἐπωνόμασαν, ἢ καί τις ὢν δυνατὸς εἰς πολλὰ μὲν καὶ ἀνόμοια βλέπειν, ὁρᾶν δὲ ἐν αὐτοῖς ἓν γένος ἐνὸν ἄξιον ἐπωνυμίας πᾶσιν·
And the common name for all these was given as "bile" either by some physicians, or by someone who was capable of looking at many dissimilar things and seeing that there was a single kind inherent in them all, worthy of a common name.
τὰ δʼ ἄλλα ὅσα χολῆς εἴδη λέγεται, κατὰ τὴν χρόαν ἔσχεν λόγον αὐτῶν ἕκαστον ἴδιον.
But the other things, as many as are called kinds of bile, got each its own definition according to its color.
ἰχὼρ δέ, ὁ μὲν αἵματος ὀρὸς πρᾷος, ὁ δὲ μελαίνης χολῆς ὀξείας τε ἄγριος, ὅταν συμμειγνύηται διὰ θερμότητα ἁλμυρᾷ δυνάμει· καλεῖται δὲ ὀξὺ φλέγμα τὸ τοιοῦτον.
As for lymph (ichor), the mild kind is the serum of blood, but the wild kind is that of black and acid bile, when it is mixed because of heat with a salty quality; and such a thing is called acid phlegm.
τὸ δʼ αὖ μετʼ ἀέρος τηκόμενον ἐκ νέας καὶ ἁπαλῆς σαρκός, τούτου δὲ ἀνεμωθέντος καὶ συμπεριληφθέντος ὑπὸ ὑγρότητος, καὶ πομφολύγων συστασῶν ἐκ τοῦ πάθους τούτου καθʼ ἑκάστην μὲν ἀοράτων διὰ σμικρότητα, συναπασῶν δὲ τὸν ὄγκον παρεχομένων ὁρατόν, χρῶμα ἐχουσῶν διὰ τὴν τοῦ ἀφροῦ γένεσιν ἰδεῖν λευκόν, ταύτην πᾶσαν τηκεδόνα ἁπαλῆς σαρκὸς μετὰ πνεύματος συμπλακεῖσαν λευκὸν εἶναι φλέγμα φαμέν.
On the other hand, that which is melted with air from new and tender flesh, and when this is filled with wind and enclosed by moisture, and bubbles are formed from this affection, which individually are invisible because of their smallness, but all together present a visible mass, having a color white to look at because of the generation of froth—all this melting of tender flesh, interwoven with breath, we call white phlegm.
φλέγματος δὲ αὖ νέου συνισταμένου ὀρὸς ἱδρὼς καὶ δάκρυον, ὅσα τε ἄλλα τοιαῦτα σώματα τὸ καθʼ ἡμέραν χεῖται καθαιρόμενα·
And the serum of newly forming phlegm is sweat and tears, and all other such liquids that are discharged daily as cleansings of the body.
καὶ ταῦτα μὲν δὴ πάντα νόσων ὄργανα γέγονεν, ὅταν αἷμα μὴ ἐκ τῶν σιτίων καὶ ποτῶν πληθύσῃ κατὰ φύσιν, ἀλλʼ ἐξ ἐναντίων τὸν ὄγκον παρὰ τοὺς τῆς φύσεως λαμβάνῃ νόμους.
And indeed all these have become instruments of diseases, when blood is not replenished from food and drink according to nature, but increases its volume from contrary sources, against the laws of nature.