§63ΤΙ. εἰ γάρ τι καὶ στερεὸν εἴη κατὰ μέσον τοῦ παντὸς ἰσοπαλές, εἰς οὐδὲν ἄν ποτε τῶν ἐσχάτων ἐνεχθείη διὰ τὴν πάντῃ ὁμοιότητα αὐτῶν· ἀλλʼ εἰ καὶ περὶ αὐτὸ πορεύοιτό τις ἐν κύκλῳ, πολλάκις ἂν στὰς ἀντίπους ταὐτὸν αὐτοῦ κάτω καὶ ἄνω προσείποι.
TI. For if there should even be something solid in the middle of the universe, in perfect balance, it would never be carried to any of the extremes because of their complete similarity in every direction; but even if someone were to walk in a circle around it, standing at the antipodes, he would often address the same part of it as his 'below' and 'above'.
τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὅλον, καθάπερ εἴρηται νυνδή, σφαιροειδὲς ὄν, τόπον τινὰ κάτω, τὸν δὲ ἄνω λέγειν ἔχειν οὐκ ἔμφρονος· ὅθεν δὲ ὠνομάσθη ταῦτα καὶ ἐν οἷς ὄντα εἰθίσμεθα διʼ ἐκεῖνα καὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν ὅλον οὕτω διαιρούμενοι λέγειν, ταῦτα διομολογητέον ὑποθεμένοις τάδε ἡμῖν.
For, as was just said, since the whole is spherical, to say that it has some place 'below' and another 'above' is not the part of a sensible person; but from where these names were called, and in what conditions things are when we are accustomed because of them to speak of the whole heaven also by dividing it in this way, we must agree upon, after assuming the following things for ourselves.
εἴ τις ἐν τῷ τοῦ παντὸς τόπῳ καθʼ ὃν ἡ τοῦ πυρὸς εἴληχε μάλιστα φύσις, οὗ καὶ πλεῖστον ἂν ἠθροισμένον εἴη πρὸς ὃ φέρεται, ἐπεμβὰς ἐπʼ ἐκεῖνο καὶ δύναμιν εἰς τοῦτο ἔχων, μέρη τοῦ πυρὸς ἀφαιρῶν ἱσταίη τιθεὶς εἰς πλάστιγγας, αἴρων τὸν ζυγὸν καὶ τὸ πῦρ ἕλκων εἰς ἀνόμοιον ἀέρα βιαζόμενος δῆλον ὡς τοὔλαττόν που τοῦ μείζονος ῥᾷον βιᾶται· ῥώμῃ γὰρ μιᾷ δυοῖν ἅμα μετεωριζομένοιν τὸ μὲν ἔλαττον μᾶλλον, τὸ δὲ πλέον ἧττον ἀνάγκη που κατατεινόμενον συνέπεσθαι τῇ βίᾳ, καὶ τὸ μὲν πολὺ βαρὺ καὶ κάτω φερόμενον κληθῆναι, τὸ δὲ σμικρὸν ἐλαφρὸν καὶ ἄνω.
If someone in that place of the universe which the nature of fire has especially obtained as its lot, where also the greatest amount of it would be gathered toward which it is carried—if, stepping upon that and having power for this, he should take away parts of fire and weigh them by placing them in scales, raising the balance-beam and dragging the fire into the dissimilar air by force, it is clear that he forces the smaller part more easily than the larger one; for when two are being raised aloft together by a single strength, it is necessary that the smaller one should follow the force more, and the larger one less, being stretched down, and that the large amount should be called 'heavy' and carried 'below', while the small amount 'light' and 'above'.
ταὐτὸν δὴ τοῦτο δεῖ φωρᾶσαι δρῶντας ἡμᾶς περὶ τόνδε τὸν τόπον.
Indeed, we must detect ourselves doing this very same thing around this place here.
ἐπὶ γὰρ γῆς βεβῶτες γεώδη γένη διιστάμενοι, καὶ γῆν ἐνίοτε αὐτήν, ἕλκομεν εἰς ἀνόμοιον ἀέρα βίᾳ καὶ παρὰ φύσιν, ἀμφότερα τοῦ συγγενοῦς ἀντεχόμενα, τὸ δὲ σμικρότερον ῥᾷον τοῦ μείζονος βιαζομένοις εἰς τὸ ἀνόμοιον πρότερον συνέπεται· κοῦφον οὖν αὐτὸ προσειρήκαμεν, καὶ τὸν τόπον εἰς ὃν βιαζόμεθα, ἄνω, τὸ δʼ ἐναντίον τούτοις πάθος βαρὺ καὶ κάτω.
For standing upon the earth, separating earthy classes, and sometimes earth itself, we drag them into the dissimilar air by force and contrary to nature, both of them holding fast to their kindred element; and as we force them into the dissimilar, the smaller one more easily follows first than the larger one; therefore we have called it 'light', and the place into which we force it 'above', while the opposite affection to these we have called 'heavy' and 'below'.
ταῦτʼ οὖν δὴ διαφόρως ἔχειν αὐτὰ πρὸς αὑτὰ ἀνάγκη διὰ τὸ τὰ πλήθη τῶν γενῶν τόπον ἐναντίον ἄλλα ἄλλοις κατέχειν—τὸ γὰρ ἐν ἑτέρῳ κοῦφον ὂν τόπῳ τῷ κατὰ τὸν ἐναντίον τόπον ἐλαφρῷ καὶ τῷ βαρεῖ τὸ βαρὺ τῷ τε κάτω τὸ κάτω καὶ τὸ ἄνω τῷ ἄνω πάντʼ ἐναντία καὶ πλάγια καὶ πάντως διάφορα πρὸς ἄλληλα ἀνευρεθήσεται γιγνόμενα καὶ ὄντα—τόδε γε μὴν ἕν τι διανοητέον περὶ πάντων αὐτῶν, ὡς ἡ μὲν πρὸς τὸ συγγενὲς ὁδὸς ἑκάστοις οὖσα βαρὺ μὲν τὸ φερόμενον ποιεῖ, τὸν δὲ τόπον εἰς ὃν τὸ τοιοῦτον φέρεται, κάτω, τὰ δὲ τούτοις ἔχοντα ὡς ἑτέρως θάτερα.
Therefore, it is necessary that these things themselves relate differently to themselves, because the multitudes of the classes occupy opposite places, different ones for different classes—for that which is light in one place will be found to become and be entirely opposite, oblique, and in every way different in relation to the light in the opposite place, and the heavy to the heavy, the 'below' to the 'below', and the 'above' to the 'above'—yet this one thing at least must be kept in mind concerning all of them, that the path toward their kindred element for each makes the thing being carried 'heavy', and the place into which such a thing is carried 'below', while those that relate in the other way make them the other things.
περὶ δὴ τούτων αὖ τῶν παθημάτων ταῦτα αἴτια εἰρήσθω.
Concerning these affections in turn, let these causes be said.
§64ΤΙ. λείου δʼ αὖ καὶ τραχέος παθήματος αἰτίαν πᾶς που κατιδὼν καὶ ἑτέρῳ δυνατὸς ἂν εἴη λέγειν· σκληρότης γὰρ ἀνωμαλότητι μειχθεῖσα, τὸ δʼ ὁμαλότης πυκνότητι παρέχεται.
TI. Again, as for the cause of the smooth and rough affection, anyone, I suppose, having perceived it, would be able to tell another; for the latter is produced by hardness mixed with unevenness, and the former by uniformity mixed with density.
μέγιστον δὲ καὶ λοιπὸν τῶν κοινῶν περὶ ὅλον τὸ σῶμα παθημάτων τὸ τῶν ἡδέων καὶ τῶν ἀλγεινῶν αἴτιον ἐν οἷς διεληλύθαμεν, καὶ ὅσα διὰ τῶν τοῦ σώματος μορίων αἰσθήσεις κεκτημένα καὶ λύπας ἐν αὑτοῖς ἡδονάς θʼ ἅμα ἑπομένας ἔχει.
And the greatest and remaining of the common affections concerning the whole body is the cause of pleasant and painful things among those we have gone through, and all those which, having acquired sensations through the parts of the body, have pains and at the same time accompanying pleasures in themselves.
ὧδʼ οὖν κατὰ παντὸς αἰσθητοῦ καὶ ἀναισθήτου παθήματος τὰς αἰτίας λαμβάνωμεν, ἀναμιμνῃσκόμενοι τὸ τῆς εὐκινήτου τε καὶ δυσκινήτου φύσεως ὅτι διειλόμεθα ἐν τοῖς πρόσθεν· ταύτῃ γὰρ δὴ μεταδιωκτέον πάντα ὅσα ἐπινοοῦμεν ἑλεῖν.
Let us, then, assume the causes in this way in the case of every sensible and insensible affection, by recalling that we distinguished the nature of the easily moved and the difficulty moved in what went before; for indeed in this way we must pursue all things that we intend to capture.
τὸ μὲν γὰρ κατὰ φύσιν εὐκίνητον, ὅταν καὶ βραχὺ πάθος εἰς αὐτὸ ἐμπίπτῃ, διαδίδωσιν κύκλῳ μόρια ἕτερα ἑτέροις ταὐτὸν ἀπεργαζόμενα, μέχριπερ ἂν ἐπὶ τὸ φρόνιμον ἐλθόντα ἐξαγγείλῃ τοῦ ποιήσαντος τὴν δύναμιν· τὸ δʼ ἐναντίον ἑδραῖον ὂν κατʼ οὐδένα τε κύκλον ἰὸν πάσχει μόνον, ἄλλο δὲ οὐ κινεῖ τῶν πλησίον, ὥστε οὐ διαδιδόντων μορίων μορίοις ἄλλων ἄλλοις τὸ πρῶτον πάθος ἐν αὐτοῖς ἀκίνητον εἰς τὸ πᾶν ζῷον γενόμενον ἀναίσθητον παρέσχεν τὸ παθόν.
For that which is by nature easily moved, whenever even a slight affection falls upon it, transmits it in a circle, other parts producing the same effect upon others, until, having come to the intelligent part, they report the power of the agent; but the opposite, being stable and not going in any circle, only undergoes the affection, and does not move any of the neighboring parts; so that since the parts do not transmit the first affection to other parts, it remains motionless in them, becoming insensible to the whole living thing, and renders the affected part without sensation.
ταῦτα δὲ περί τε ὀστᾶ καὶ τὰς τρίχας ἐστὶν καὶ ὅσʼ ἄλλα γήϊνα τὸ πλεῖστον ἔχομεν ἐν ἡμῖν μόρια· τὰ δὲ ἔμπροσθεν περὶ τὰ τῆς ὄψεως καὶ ἀκοῆς μάλιστα, διὰ τὸ πυρὸς ἀέρος τε ἐν αὐτοῖς δύναμιν ἐνεῖναι μεγίστην.
And these things are about bones and hairs, and whatever other parts we have in ourselves that are mostly earthy; but the former things are especially about the organs of sight and hearing, because of the very great power of fire and air that is in them.
τὸ δὴ τῆς ἡδονῆς καὶ λύπης ὧδε δεῖ διανοεῖσθαι· τὸ μὲν παρὰ φύσιν καὶ βίαιον γιγνόμενον ἁθρόον παρʼ ἡμῖν πάθος ἀλγεινόν, τὸ δʼ εἰς φύσιν ἀπιὸν πάλιν ἁθρόον ἡδύ, τὸ δὲ ἡρέμα καὶ κατὰ σμικρὸν ἀναίσθητον, τὸ δʼ ἐναντίον τούτοις ἐναντίως.
Indeed, concerning pleasure and pain, we must think in this way: that the affection which occurs contrary to nature and violently all at once in us is painful, while that which returns back to nature all at once is pleasant, and that which occurs gently and by small degrees is insensible, and the opposite to these in the opposite way.
τὸ δὲ μετʼ εὐπετείας γιγνόμενον ἅπαν αἰσθητὸν μὲν ὅτι μάλιστα, λύπης δὲ καὶ ἡδονῆς οὐ μετέχον, οἷον τὰ περὶ τὴν ὄψιν αὐτὴν παθήματα, ἣ δὴ σῶμα ἐν τοῖς πρόσθεν ἐρρήθη καθʼ ἡμέραν συμφυὲς ἡμῶν γίγνεσθαι.
But everything that occurs with ease is indeed sensible in the highest degree, yet does not partake of pain and pleasure—such as, for example, the affections concerning sight itself, which indeed was said in what went before to become a body connate with us by day.
ταύτῃ γὰρ τομαὶ μὲν καὶ καύσεις καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα πάσχει λύπας οὐκ ἐμποιοῦσιν, οὐδὲ ἡδονὰς πάλιν ἐπὶ ταὐτὸν ἀπιούσης εἶδος, μέγισται δὲ αἰσθήσεις καὶ σαφέσταται καθʼ ὅτι τʼ ἂν πάθῃ καὶ ὅσων ἂν αὐτή πῃ προσβαλοῦσα ἐφάπτηται· βία γὰρ τὸ πάμπαν οὐκ ἔνι τῇ διακρίσει τε αὐτῆς καὶ συγκρίσει.
For in this case, cuts and burns and all other things it undergoes do not produce pains, nor do they produce pleasures when it returns back to the same form; but they produce very great and clear sensations, according to whatever it may undergo and whatever it may touch by impinging upon it in some way; for there is absolutely no force in its division and composition.