§61ΤΙ. γῆν μὲν γὰρ ἀσύστατον ὑπὸ βίας οὕτως ὕδωρ μόνον λύει, συνεστηκυῖαν δὲ πλὴν πυρὸς οὐδέν· εἴσοδος γὰρ οὐδενὶ πλὴν πυρὶ λέλειπται.
TI. For, indeed, uncompacted earth is dissolved in this way by force only by water, but when it is compacted, by nothing except fire; for no entrance has been left for anything except fire.
τὴν δὲ ὕδατος αὖ σύνοδον τὴν μὲν βιαιοτάτην πῦρ μόνον, τὴν δὲ ἀσθενεστέραν ἀμφότερα, πῦρ τε καὶ ἀήρ, διαχεῖτον, ὁ μὲν κατὰ τὰ διάκενα, τὸ δὲ καὶ κατὰ τὰ τρίγωνα·
And in turn, as for the condensation of water, only fire disperses the most violent one, but both fire and air disperse the weaker one—the air doing so through the intervals, and the fire also through the triangles.
βίᾳ δὲ ἀέρα συστάντα οὐδὲν λύει πλὴν κατὰ τὸ στοιχεῖον, ἀβίαστον δὲ κατατήκει μόνον πῦρ.
And nothing dissolves air that has been compacted by force, except by resolving it into its element, while that which is compacted without force is melted down only by fire.
τὰ δὴ τῶν συμμείκτων ἐκ γῆς τε καὶ ὕδατος σωμάτων, μέχριπερ ἂν ὕδωρ αὐτοῦ τὰ τῆς γῆς διάκενα καὶ βίᾳ συμπεπιλημένα κατέχῃ, τὰ μὲν ὕδατος ἐπιόντα ἔξωθεν εἴσοδον οὐκ ἔχοντα μέρη περιρρέοντα τὸν ὅλον ὄγκον ἄτηκτον εἴασεν, τὰ δὲ πυρὸς εἰς τὰ τῶν ὑδάτων διάκενα εἰσιόντα, ὅπερ ὕδωρ γῆν, τοῦτο πῦρ ἀπεργαζόμενα, τηχθέντι τῷ κοινῷ σώματι ῥεῖν μόνα αἴτια συμβέβηκεν·
Now, as for the bodies compounded of earth and water, so long as water occupies the intervals of earth in it, which have been compressed even by force, the parts of water approaching from without, having no entrance, flow around the whole mass and leave it unmelted; but the parts of fire entering into the intervals of water, doing to the water what water does to the earth, happen to be the sole causes of the common body's melting and flowing.
τυγχάνει δὲ ταῦτα ὄντα, τὰ μὲν ἔλαττον ἔχοντα ὕδατος ἢ γῆς, τό τε περὶ τὴν ὕαλον γένος ἅπαν ὅσα τε λίθων χυτὰ εἴδη καλεῖται, τὰ δὲ πλέον ὕδατος αὖ, πάντα ὅσα κηροειδῆ καὶ θυμιατικὰ σώματα συμπήγνυται.
And these happen to be, on the one hand, those containing less water than earth, which include the whole class of glass and all the forms called fusible stones, and on the other hand, those containing more water, which are all the bodies that congeal into wax-like and fusible substances.
καὶ τὰ μὲν δὴ σχήμασι κοινωνίαις τε καὶ μεταλλαγαῖς εἰς ἄλληλα πεποικιλμένα εἴδη σχεδὸν ἐπιδέδεικται· τὰ δὲ παθήματα αὐτῶν διʼ ἃς αἰτίας γέγονεν πειρατέον ἐμφανίζειν.
And so, the forms which are diversified by shapes, associations, and transformations into one another have been nearly demonstrated; but we must attempt to clarify the causes through which their affections have occurred.
πρῶτον μὲν οὖν ὑπάρχειν αἴσθησιν δεῖ τοῖς λεγομένοις ἀεί, σαρκὸς δὲ καὶ τῶν περὶ σάρκα γένεσιν, ψυχῆς τε ὅσον θνητόν, οὔπω διεληλύθαμεν·
First of all, then, sensation must always be present in what is being said, but we have not yet gone through the generation of flesh and the things concerning flesh, and as much of the soul as is mortal.
τυγχάνει δὲ οὔτε ταῦτα χωρὶς τῶν περὶ τὰ παθήματα ὅσα αἰσθητικὰ οὔτʼ ἐκεῖνα ἄνευ τούτων δυνατὰ ἱκανῶς λεχθῆναι, τὸ δὲ ἅμα σχεδὸν οὐ δυνατόν.
And it happens that neither can these be adequately spoken of apart from the affections that concern sensation, nor can those be spoken of without these, while to discuss both at the same time is nearly impossible.
ὑποθετέον δὴ πρότερον θάτερα, τὰ δʼ ὑποτεθέντα ἐπάνιμεν αὖθις.
Therefore, we must assume one of the two beforehand, and we shall return again to the assumed things later.
ἵνα οὖν ἑξῆς τὰ παθήματα λέγηται τοῖς γένεσιν, ἔστω πρότερα ἡμῖν τὰ περὶ σῶμα καὶ ψυχὴν ὄντα.
In order, then, that the affections may be spoken of in succession to the classes, let those things that concern body and soul be assumed beforehand by us.
πρῶτον μὲν οὖν ᾗ πῦρ θερμὸν λέγομεν, ἴδωμεν ὧδε σκοποῦντες, τὴν διάκρισιν καὶ τομὴν αὐτοῦ περὶ τὸ σῶμα ἡμῶν γιγνομένην ἐννοηθέντες.
First of all, then, let us see in what way we call fire 'hot', considering it in this way, by reflecting upon the division and cutting that it produces in our body.
ὅτι μὲν γὰρ ὀξύ τι τὸ πάθος, πάντες σχεδὸν αἰσθανόμεθα·
For that this affection is a sharp one, nearly all of us perceive; TI.
§62ΤΙ. τὴν δὲ λεπτότητα τῶν πλευρῶν καὶ γωνιῶν ὀξύτητα τῶν τε μορίων σμικρότητα καὶ τῆς φορᾶς τὸ τάχος, οἷς πᾶσι σφοδρὸν ὂν καὶ τομὸν ὀξέως τὸ προστυχὸν ἀεὶ τέμνει, λογιστέον ἀναμιμνῃσκομένοις τὴν τοῦ σχήματος αὐτοῦ γένεσιν, ὅτι μάλιστα ἐκείνη καὶ οὐκ ἄλλη φύσις διακρίνουσα ἡμῶν κατὰ σμικρά τε τὰ σώματα κερματίζουσα τοῦτο ὃ νῦν θερμὸν λέγομεν εἰκότως τὸ πάθημα καὶ τοὔνομα παρέσχεν.
But as for the thinness of its edges, the sharpness of its angles, the smallness of its parts, and the speed of its motion—by all of which, being violent and cutting, it always sharply cuts whatever it encounters— we must calculate by recalling the generation of its shape, that this nature especially, and no other, by dividing and minutely chopping up our bodies, has reasonably provided this affection and the name which we now call 'hot'.
τὸ δʼ ἐναντίον τούτων κατάδηλον μέν, ὅμως δὲ μηδὲν ἐπιδεὲς ἔστω λόγου.
And the opposite of these is indeed obvious, but nevertheless let it not be lacking in explanation.
τὰ γὰρ δὴ τῶν περὶ τὸ σῶμα ὑγρῶν μεγαλομερέστερα εἰσιόντα, τὰ σμικρότερα ἐξωθοῦντα, εἰς τὰς ἐκείνων οὐ δυνάμενα ἕδρας ἐνδῦναι, συνωθοῦντα ἡμῶν τὸ νοτερόν, ἐξ ἀνωμάλου κεκινημένου τε ἀκίνητον διʼ ὁμαλότητα καὶ τὴν σύνωσιν ἀπεργαζόμενα πήγνυσιν·
For, indeed, when the larger-parted things among the moist elements about the body enter, pushing out the smaller ones, and being unable to slip into their seats, they compress our moisture, rendering it motionless instead of non-uniform and moving, because of the uniformity and the compression, and so congeal it.
τὸ δὲ παρὰ φύσιν συναγόμενον μάχεται κατὰ φύσιν αὐτὸ ἑαυτὸ εἰς τοὐναντίον ἀπωθοῦν.
And that which is contracted contrary to nature fights, according to nature pushing itself back in the opposite direction.
τῇ δὴ μάχῃ καὶ τῷ σεισμῷ τούτῳ τρόμος καὶ ῥῖγος ἐτέθη, ψυχρόν τε τὸ πάθος ἅπαν τοῦτο καὶ τὸ δρῶν αὐτὸ ἔσχεν ὄνομα.
And to this fight and shaking, the names 'trembling' and 'shivering' were given, and this whole affection received the name 'cold', as did the agent producing it.
σκληρὸν δέ, ὅσοις ἂν ἡμῶν ἡ σὰρξ ὑπείκῃ, μαλακὸν δέ, ὅσα ἂν τῇ σαρκί· πρὸς ἄλληλά τε οὕτως.
And 'hard' is that to which our flesh yields, and 'soft' is that which yields to our flesh; and they are so related to one another in the same way.
ὑπείκει δὲ ὅσον ἐπὶ σμικροῦ βαίνει· τὸ δὲ ἐκ τετραγώνων ὂν βάσεων, ἅτε βεβηκὸς σφόδρα, ἀντιτυπώτατον εἶδος, ὅτι τε ἂν εἰς πυκνότητα συνιὸν πλείστην ἀντίτονον ᾖ μάλιστα.
And that which stands upon a small base yields; but the form which is made of square bases, being extremely stable, is the most resistant type, as is whatever, coming together to the greatest density, is most resilient.
βαρὺ δὲ καὶ κοῦφον μετὰ τῆς τοῦ κάτω φύσεως ἄνω τε λεγομένης ἐξεταζόμενον ἂν δηλωθείη σαφέστατα.
And 'heavy' and 'light' would be demonstrated most clearly if examined along with the nature called 'below' and 'above'.
φύσει γὰρ δή τινας τόπους δύο εἶναι διειληφότας διχῇ τὸ πᾶν ἐναντίους, τὸν μὲν κάτω, πρὸς ὃν φέρεται πάνθʼ ὅσα τινὰ ὄγκον σώματος ἔχει, τὸν δὲ ἄνω, πρὸς ὃν ἀκουσίως ἔρχεται πᾶν, οὐκ ὀρθὸν οὐδαμῇ νομίζειν· τοῦ γὰρ παντὸς οὐρανοῦ σφαιροειδοῦς ὄντος, ὅσα μὲν ἀφεστῶτα ἴσον τοῦ μέσου γέγονεν ἔσχατα, ὁμοίως αὐτὰ χρὴ ἔσχατα πεφυκέναι, τὸ δὲ μέσον τὰ αὐτὰ μέτρα τῶν ἐσχάτων ἀφεστηκὸς ἐν τῷ καταντικρὺ νομίζειν δεῖ πάντων εἶναι.
For, indeed, to believe that there are by nature two places which divide the whole in two and are opposite—one 'below', toward which all things carrying any bodily mass are borne, and the other 'above', toward which everything goes only against its will—is not right in any way; for since the whole heaven is spherical, all those parts which, being at an equal distance from the center, have become extreme, must by nature be extreme in the same way, and the center, being at the same distance from the extremes, must be believed to be in the position opposite to all of them.
τοῦ δὴ κόσμου ταύτῃ πεφυκότος, τί τῶν εἰρημένων ἄνω τις ἢ κάτω τιθέμενος οὐκ ἐν δίκῃ δόξει τὸ μηδὲν προσῆκον ὄνομα λέγειν;
Since, then, the world is by nature thus, if someone posits any of the mentioned things as 'above' or 'below', will he not reasonably be thought to speak a name that is not appropriate at all?
ὁ μὲν γὰρ μέσος ἐν αὐτῷ τόπος οὔτε κάτω πεφυκὼς οὔτε ἄνω λέγεσθαι δίκαιος, ἀλλʼ αὐτὸ ἐν μέσῳ· ὁ δὲ πέριξ οὔτε δὴ μέσος οὔτʼ ἔχων διάφορον αὑτοῦ μέρος ἕτερον θατέρου μᾶλλον πρὸς τὸ μέσον ἤ τι τῶν καταντικρύ.
For the central place in it is by nature neither 'below' nor 'above', but is justifiably called 'in the center' itself; and the circumference is neither central, nor does it have any part of itself differing from another in being closer to the center than to any of the opposite points.
τοῦ δὲ ὁμοίως πάντῃ πεφυκότος ποῖά τις ἐπιφέρων ὀνόματα αὐτῷ ἐναντία καὶ πῇ καλῶς ἂν ἡγοῖτο λέγειν;
And since it is by nature in every way uniform, what kind of opposite names could one apply to it, and in what way could one think they are speaking well?