§65ΤΙ. τὰ δʼ ἐκ μειζόνων μερῶν σώματα μόγις εἴκοντα τῷ δρῶντι, διαδιδόντα δὲ εἰς ὅλον τὰς κινήσεις, ἡδονὰς ἴσχει καὶ λύπας, ἀλλοτριούμενα μὲν λύπας, καθιστάμενα δὲ εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ πάλιν ἡδονάς.
TI. But on the other hand, bodies made of larger parts, yielding with difficulty to the agent, and transmitting their movements to the whole, possess pleasures and pains—pains when they are being alienated, 65a¦ and pleasures when they are being restored again to the same state.
ὅσα δὲ κατὰ σμικρὸν τὰς ἀποχωρήσεις ἑαυτῶν καὶ κενώσεις εἴληφεν, τὰς δὲ πληρώσεις ἁθρόας καὶ κατὰ μεγάλα, κενώσεως μὲν ἀναίσθητα, πληρώσεως δὲ αἰσθητικὰ γιγνόμενα, λύπας μὲν οὐ παρέχει τῷ θνητῷ τῆς ψυχῆς, μεγίστας δὲ ἡδονάς· ἔστιν δὲ ἔνδηλα περὶ τὰς εὐωδίας.
And all those which have received their departures and emptyings of themselves by small degrees, but their fillings all at once and in a great measure, being insensible of the emptying but sensible of the filling, do not provide pains to the mortal part of the soul, but provide the greatest pleasures; and these are clearly manifest in the case of sweet smells.
ὅσα δὲ ἀπαλλοτριοῦται μὲν ἁθρόα, κατὰ σμικρὰ δὲ μόγις τε εἰς ταὐτὸν πάλιν ἑαυτοῖς καθίσταται, τοὐναντίον τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν πάντα ἀποδίδωσιν· ταῦτα δʼ αὖ περὶ τὰς καύσεις καὶ τομὰς τοῦ σώματος γιγνόμενά ἐστιν κατάδηλα.
But those which are alienated all at once, and with difficulty by small degrees are restored back to the same state for themselves, return everything opposite to the former; and these in turn are clearly manifest occurring in the case of burns and cuts of the body.
καὶ τὰ μὲν δὴ κοινὰ τοῦ σώματος παντὸς παθήματα, τῶν τʼ ἐπωνυμιῶν ὅσαι τοῖς δρῶσιν αὐτὰ γεγόνασι, σχεδὸν εἴρηται· τὰ δʼ ἐν ἰδίοις μέρεσιν ἡμῶν γιγνόμενα, τά τε πάθη καὶ τὰς αἰτίας αὖ τῶν δρώντων, πειρατέον εἰπεῖν, ἄν πῃ δυνώμεθα.
And indeed, the common affections of the whole body, and all the names that have been given to those that produce them, have been nearly said; but we must try to tell the affections occurring in our specific parts, and the causes in turn of those producing them, if we are somehow able to do so.
πρῶτον οὖν ὅσα τῶν χυμῶν πέρι λέγοντες ἐν τοῖς πρόσθεν ἀπελίπομεν, ἴδια ὄντα παθήματα περὶ τὴν γλῶτταν, ἐμφανιστέον ᾗ δυνατόν.
First, then, as many things as we left behind in speaking about juices before, being specific affections about the tongue, we must make manifest as far as possible.
φαίνεται δὲ καὶ ταῦτα, ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ τὰ πολλά, διὰ συγκρίσεών τέ τινων καὶ διακρίσεων γίγνεσθαι, πρὸς δὲ αὐταῖς κεχρῆσθαι μᾶλλόν τι τῶν ἄλλων τραχύτησί τε καὶ λειότησιν.
And these also appear, just as indeed most things do, to occur through certain compositions and divisions, and in addition to these, to make use of roughnesses and smoothnesses somewhat more than other things.
ὅσα μὲν γὰρ εἰσιόντα περὶ τὰ φλέβια, οἷόνπερ δοκίμια τῆς γλώττης τεταμένα ἐπὶ τὴν καρδίαν, εἰς τὰ νοτερὰ τῆς σαρκὸς καὶ ἁπαλὰ ἐμπίπτοντα γήϊνα μέρη κατατηκόμενα συνάγει τὰ φλέβια καὶ ἀποξηραίνει, τραχύτερα μὲν ὄντα στρυφνά, ἧττον δὲ τραχύνοντα αὐστηρὰ φαίνεται·
For those earthy parts which enter around the small veins, which are like test-organs of the tongue stretched to the heart, falling into the moist and soft parts of the flesh, being dissolved, contract the small veins and dry them up; and being rougher they appear 'astringent', but being less roughening they appear 'harsh'.
τὰ δὲ τούτων τε ῥυπτικὰ καὶ πᾶν τὸ περὶ τὴν γλῶτταν ἀποπλύνοντα, πέρα μὲν τοῦ μετρίου τοῦτο δρῶντα καὶ προσεπιλαμβανόμενα ὥστε ἀποτήκειν αὐτῆς τῆς φύσεως, οἷον ἡ τῶν λίτρων δύναμις, πικρὰ πάνθʼ οὕτως ὠνόμασται, τὰ δὲ ὑποδεέστερα τῆς λιτρώδους ἕξεως ἐπὶ τὸ μέτριόν τε τῇ ῥύψει χρώμενα ἁλυκὰ ἄνευ πικρότητος τραχείας καὶ φίλα μᾶλλον ἡμῖν φαντάζεται.
But those which wash away these things and rinse off everything around the tongue, doing this beyond the proper measure and further seizing upon it so as to dissolve the nature of the tongue itself, such as the power of soda, are all named 'bitter' in this way. But those which are inferior to the soda-like condition and use rinsing in a moderate degree appear to us as 'salty', without rough bitterness, and rather friendly.
§66ΤΙ. τὰ δὲ τῇ τοῦ στόματος θερμότητι κοινωνήσαντα καὶ λεαινόμενα ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ, συνεκπυρούμενα καὶ πάλιν αὐτὰ ἀντικάοντα τὸ διαθερμῆναν, φερόμενά τε ὑπὸ κουφότητος ἄνω πρὸς τὰς τῆς κεφαλῆς αἰσθήσεις, τέμνοντά τε πάνθʼ ὁπόσοις ἂν προσπίπτῃ, διὰ ταύτας τὰς δυνάμεις δριμέα πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐλέχθη.
TI. But those which share in the warmth of the mouth and are smoothed by it, being set on fire together and in turn themselves burning back that which warmed them, and being carried by lightness upward to the sensations of the head, and cutting 66a¦ all things upon which they may fall, are all called 'pungent' because of these powers.
τὸ δὲ αὖ τῶν προλελεπτυσμένων μὲν ὑπὸ σηπεδόνος, εἰς δὲ τὰς στενὰς φλέβας ἐνδυομένων, καὶ τοῖς ἐνοῦσιν αὐτόθι μέρεσιν γεώδεσιν καὶ ὅσα ἀέρος συμμετρίαν ἔχοντα, ὥστε κινήσαντα περὶ ἄλληλα ποιεῖν κυκᾶσθαι, κυκώμενα δὲ περιπίπτειν τε καὶ εἰς ἕτερα ἐνδυόμενα ἕτερα κοῖλα ἀπεργάζεσθαι περιτεινόμενα τοῖς εἰσιοῦσιν— ἃ δὴ νοτίδος περὶ ἀέρα κοίλης περιταθείσης, τοτὲ μὲν γεώδους, τοτὲ δὲ καὶ καθαρᾶς, νοτερὰ ἀγγεῖα ἀέρος, ὕδατα κοῖλα περιφερῆ τε γενέσθαι, καὶ τὰ μὲν τῆς καθαρᾶς διαφανεῖς περιστῆναι κληθείσας ὄνομα πομφόλυγας, τὰ δὲ τῆς γεώδους ὁμοῦ κινουμένης τε καὶ αἰρομένης ζέσιν τε καὶ ζύμωσιν ἐπίκλην λεχθῆναι—τὸ δὲ τούτων αἴτιον τῶν παθημάτων ὀξὺ προσρηθῆναι.
But on the other hand, those which have been pre-refined by decay, entering into the narrow veins, and having a proportion with the earthy parts and as many as are of air in there, so that having moved them about one another they cause them to be stirred, and while being stirred they collide and, entering into other cavities, produce other hollows stretched around the entering things— which indeed, when moisture is stretched around hollow air, sometimes earthy, sometimes also pure, become moist vessels of air, hollow and spherical waters, and those of the pure moisture, being transparent, surround it and are called by the name of 'bubbles', while those of the earthy moisture, being moved and raised together, are spoken of as 'boiling' and 'fermentation' by name—the cause of these affections is called 'acid'.
σύμπασιν δὲ τοῖς περὶ ταῦτα εἰρημένοις πάθος ἐναντίον ἀπʼ ἐναντίας ἐστὶ προφάσεως· ὁπόταν ἡ τῶν εἰσιόντων σύστασις ἐν ὑγροῖς, οἰκεία τῇ τῆς γλώττης ἕξει πεφυκυῖα, λεαίνῃ μὲν ἐπαλείφουσα τὰ τραχυνθέντα, τὰ δὲ παρὰ φύσιν συνεστῶτα ἢ κεχυμένα τὰ μὲν συνάγῃ, τὰ δὲ χαλᾷ, καὶ πάνθʼ ὅτι μάλιστα ἱδρύῃ κατὰ φύσιν, ἡδὺ καὶ προσφιλὲς παντὶ πᾶν τὸ τοιοῦτον ἴαμα τῶν βιαίων παθημάτων γιγνόμενον κέκληται γλυκύ.
But to all these things that have been said about them, there is an opposite affection from an opposite cause; whenever the composition of the entering things in liquids, being by nature akin to the condition of the tongue, on the one hand smoothes by smearing the things that have been roughened, and on the other hand contracts those that have been contracted contrary to nature or relaxes those that have been poured out, and settles all of them as much as possible according to nature, every such remedy for violent affections, becoming pleasant and friendly to everyone, is called 'sweet'.
καὶ τὰ μὲν ταύτῃ ταῦτα· περὶ δὲ δὴ τὴν τῶν μυκτήρων δύναμιν, εἴδη μὲν οὐκ ἔνι.
And these things are indeed in this way; but concerning the power of the nostrils, there are no forms.
τὸ γὰρ τῶν ὀσμῶν πᾶν ἡμιγενές, εἴδει δὲ οὐδενὶ συμβέβηκεν συμμετρία πρὸς τό τινα σχεῖν ὀσμήν· ἀλλʼ ἡμῶν αἱ περὶ ταῦτα φλέβες πρὸς μὲν τὰ γῆς ὕδατός τε γένη στενότεραι συνέστησαν, πρὸς δὲ τὰ πυρὸς ἀέρος τε εὐρύτεραι, διὸ τούτων οὐδεὶς οὐδενὸς ὀσμῆς πώποτε ᾔσθετό τινος, ἀλλὰ ἢ βρεχομένων ἢ σηπομένων ἢ τηκομένων ἢ θυμιωμένων γίγνονταί τινων.
For the whole class of smells is half-formed, and it has not happened to any form to have a proportion so as to hold some smell; but our veins about these parts have been constructed narrower in relation to the classes of earth and water, but wider in relation to those of fire and air, and therefore no one has ever perceived any smell of any of these, but they occur when things are being wetted, or decaying, or dissolving, or being fumigated.
μεταβάλλοντος γὰρ ὕδατος εἰς ἀέρα ἀέρος τε εἰς ὕδωρ ἐν τῷ μεταξὺ τούτων γεγόνασιν, εἰσίν τε ὀσμαὶ σύμπασαι καπνὸς ἢ ὁμίχλη, τούτων δὲ τὸ μὲν ἐξ ἀέρος εἰς ὕδωρ ἰὸν ὁμίχλη, τὸ δὲ ἐξ ὕδατος εἰς ἀέρα καπνός· ὅθεν λεπτότεραι μὲν ὕδατος, παχύτεραι δὲ ὀσμαὶ σύμπασαι γεγόνασιν ἀέρος.
For as water is changing into air and air into water, smells have arisen in the interval between these, and all smells are smoke or mist; and of these, that which goes from air into water is mist, while that from water into air is smoke; whence all smells have arisen as more refined than water, but denser than air.