§39ΤΙ. ἐπειδὴ δὲ οὖν εἰς τὴν ἑαυτῷ πρέπουσαν ἕκαστον ἀφίκετο φορὰν τῶν ὅσα ἔδει συναπεργάζεσθαι χρόνον, δεσμοῖς τε ἐμψύχοις σώματα δεθέντα ζῷα ἐγεννήθη τό τε προσταχθὲν ἔμαθεν, κατὰ δὴ τὴν θατέρου φορὰν πλαγίαν οὖσαν, διὰ τῆς ταὐτοῦ φορᾶς ἰούσης τε καὶ κρατουμένης, τὸ μὲν μείζονα αὐτῶν, τὸ δʼ ἐλάττω κύκλον ἰόν, θᾶττον μὲν τὰ τὸν ἐλάττω, τὰ δὲ τὸν μείζω βραδύτερον περιῄειν.
Timaeus: Now when each of those which were necessary to work together for the creation of time had arrived at its proper motion, and having their bodies bound with living bonds they became living beings and learned their appointed task, then, according to the motion of the Other which is oblique, running through and being dominated by the motion of the Same, some of them going in a larger circle and some in a smaller, those going the smaller circled faster, and those going the larger circled more slowly.
τῇ δὴ ταὐτοῦ φορᾷ τὰ τάχιστα περιιόντα ὑπὸ τῶν βραδύτερον ἰόντων ἐφαίνετο καταλαμβάνοντα καταλαμβάνεσθαι· πάντας γὰρ τοὺς κύκλους αὐτῶν στρέφουσα ἕλικα διὰ τὸ διχῇ κατὰ τὰ ἐναντία ἅμα προϊέναι τὸ βραδύτατα ἀπιὸν ἀφʼ αὑτῆς οὔσης ταχίστης ἐγγύτατα ἀπέφαινεν.
And by reason of the motion of the Same, those which circled most rapidly appeared to be overtaken, though they were actually overtaking, by those which went more slowly; for as it turns all their circles into a spiral because of their proceeding at the same time in two opposite directions, it showed that which departed most slowly from itself, which is the swiftest, to be nearest to it.
ἵνα δʼ εἴη μέτρον ἐναργές τι πρὸς ἄλληλα βραδυτῆτι καὶ τάχει καὶ τὰ περὶ τὰς ὀκτὼ φορὰς πορεύοιτο, φῶς ὁ θεὸς ἀνῆψεν ἐν τῇ πρὸς γῆν δευτέρᾳ τῶν περιόδων, ὃ δὴ νῦν κεκλήκαμεν ἥλιον, ἵνα ὅτι μάλιστα εἰς ἅπαντα φαίνοι τὸν οὐρανὸν μετάσχοι τε ἀριθμοῦ τὰ ζῷα ὅσοις ἦν προσῆκον, μαθόντα παρὰ τῆς ταὐτοῦ καὶ ὁμοίου περιφορᾶς.
And in order that there might be some clear measure of their relative slowness and swiftness, and that the things concerning the eight motions might proceed, god kindled a light in the second of the orbits relative to the earth, which we have now named the sun, so that it might shine as much as possible throughout the whole heaven, and that such living beings as was fitting might participate in number, learning it from the revolution of the Same and similar.
νὺξ μὲν οὖν ἡμέρα τε γέγονεν οὕτως καὶ διὰ ταῦτα, ἡ τῆς μιᾶς καὶ φρονιμωτάτης κυκλήσεως περίοδος· μεὶς δὲ ἐπειδὰν σελήνη περιελθοῦσα τὸν ἑαυτῆς κύκλον ἥλιον ἐπικαταλάβῃ, ἐνιαυτὸς δὲ ὁπόταν ἥλιος τὸν ἑαυτοῦ περιέλθῃ κύκλον.
Night and day, then, came to be in this manner and for these reasons, being the period of the single and most intelligent rotation; and a month, when the moon having run round her own circle overtakes the sun, and a year, when the sun has run round his own circle.
τῶν δʼ ἄλλων τὰς περιόδους οὐκ ἐννενοηκότες ἄνθρωποι, πλὴν ὀλίγοι τῶν πολλῶν, οὔτε ὀνομάζουσιν οὔτε πρὸς ἄλληλα συμμετροῦνται σκοποῦντες ἀριθμοῖς, ὥστε ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν οὐκ ἴσασιν χρόνον ὄντα τὰς τούτων πλάνας, πλήθει μὲν ἀμηχάνῳ χρωμένας, πεποικιλμένας δὲ θαυμαστῶς·
But as for the periods of the others, men, except for a few among many, have not noticed them, and they neither name them nor measure them against one another by observing them with numbers, so that, so to speak, they do not know that the wanderings of these, which are of infinite number and wonderfully variegated, are time.
ἔστιν δʼ ὅμως οὐδὲν ἧττον κατανοῆσαι δυνατὸν ὡς ὅ γε τέλεος ἀριθμὸς χρόνου τὸν τέλεον ἐνιαυτὸν πληροῖ τότε, ὅταν ἁπασῶν τῶν ὀκτὼ περιόδων τὰ πρὸς ἄλληλα συμπερανθέντα τάχη σχῇ κεφαλὴν τῷ τοῦ ταὐτοῦ καὶ ὁμοίως ἰόντος ἀναμετρηθέντα κύκλῳ.
Nevertheless, it is no less possible to perceive that the perfect number of time fulfills the perfect year at that moment when the relative swiftnesses of all the eight revolutions, having completed their courses together, reach their head as measured by the circle of the Same and similarly moving.
κατὰ ταῦτα δὴ καὶ τούτων ἕνεκα ἐγεννήθη τῶν ἄστρων ὅσα διʼ οὐρανοῦ πορευόμενα ἔσχεν τροπάς, ἵνα τόδε ὡς ὁμοιότατον ᾖ τῷ τελέῳ καὶ νοητῷ ζῴῳ πρὸς τὴν τῆς διαιωνίας μίμησιν φύσεως.
In this way, then, and for these reasons, were generated all those of the stars which, journeying through the heaven, have turnings, so that this universe might be as like as possible to the perfect and intelligible living being, in imitation of the everlasting nature.
καὶ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα ἤδη μέχρι χρόνου γενέσεως ἀπείργαστο εἰς ὁμοιότητα ᾧπερ ἀπεικάζετο, τὸ δὲ μήπω τὰ πάντα ζῷα ἐντὸς αὑτοῦ γεγενημένα περιειληφέναι, ταύτῃ ἔτι εἶχεν ἀνομοίως.
And while the other things had already been wrought in likeness to that which it resembled up to the generation of time, yet in respect of not yet having all living beings generated within itself, in this way it was still unlike.
τοῦτο δὴ τὸ κατάλοιπον ἀπηργάζετο αὐτοῦ πρὸς τὴν τοῦ παραδείγματος ἀποτυπούμενος φύσιν.
This remaining part, then, he went on to work out, copying it after the nature of the model.
ᾗπερ οὖν νοῦς ἐνούσας ἰδέας τῷ ὃ ἔστιν ζῷον, οἷαί τε ἔνεισι καὶ ὅσαι, καθορᾷ, τοιαύτας καὶ τοσαύτας διενοήθη δεῖν καὶ τόδε σχεῖν.
Just as, therefore, intellect beholds the ideas existing in the real living being, of what kind and how many they are, so he thought that this universe also ought to have such and so many.
§40ΤΙ. εἰσὶν δὴ τέτταρες, μία μὲν οὐράνιον θεῶν γένος, ἄλλη δὲ πτηνὸν καὶ ἀεροπόρον, τρίτη δὲ ἔνυδρον εἶδος, πεζὸν δὲ καὶ χερσαῖον τέταρτον.
Timaeus: Now there are four of them: one, the heavenly race of gods; another, the winged and air-traveling; a third, the water-dwelling form; and the fourth, the pedestrian and land-dwelling.
τοῦ μὲν οὖν θείου τὴν πλείστην ἰδέαν ἐκ πυρὸς ἀπηργάζετο, ὅπως ὅτι λαμπρότατον ἰδεῖν τε κάλλιστον εἴη, τῷ δὲ παντὶ προσεικάζων εὔκυκλον ἐποίει, τίθησίν τε εἰς τὴν τοῦ κρατίστου φρόνησιν ἐκείνῳ συνεπόμενον, νείμας περὶ πάντα κύκλῳ τὸν οὐρανόν, κόσμον ἀληθινὸν αὐτῷ πεποικιλμένον εἶναι καθʼ ὅλον.
Of the divine, then, he wrought the greatest part of the form out of fire, so that it might be brightest to see and most beautiful, and likening it to the universe he made it well-rounded, and placed it in the intelligence of the supreme, following that, distributing it all around the heaven, to be a true cosmos adorned with it throughout.
κινήσεις δὲ δύο προσῆψεν ἑκάστῳ, τὴν μὲν ἐν ταὐτῷ κατὰ ταὐτά, περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν ἀεὶ τὰ αὐτὰ ἑαυτῷ διανοουμένῳ, τὴν δὲ εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν, ὑπὸ τῆς ταὐτοῦ καὶ ὁμοίου περιφορᾶς κρατουμένῳ· τὰς δὲ πέντε κινήσεις ἀκίνητον καὶ ἑστός, ἵνα ὅτι μάλιστα αὐτῶν ἕκαστον γένοιτο ὡς ἄριστον.
And he attached two motions to each: one, in the same place according to the same things, always thinking the same things about the same things within itself; and the other, forward, being dominated by the revolution of the Same and similar; but as to the other five motions, he made them motionless and still, so that each of them might be as excellent as possible.
ἐξ ἧς δὴ τῆς αἰτίας γέγονεν ὅσʼ ἀπλανῆ τῶν ἄστρων ζῷα θεῖα ὄντα καὶ ἀίδια καὶ κατὰ ταὐτὰ ἐν ταὐτῷ στρεφόμενα ἀεὶ μένει· τὰ δὲ τρεπόμενα καὶ πλάνην τοιαύτην ἴσχοντα, καθάπερ ἐν τοῖς πρόσθεν ἐρρήθη, κατʼ ἐκεῖνα γέγονεν.
From this cause, indeed, have arisen all the stars that do not wander, being divine and eternal living beings, which turn always in the same way and in the same place and remain; but those that turn and have such a wandering, as was said before, were generated according to those.
γῆν δὲ τροφὸν μὲν ἡμετέραν, ἰλλομένην δὲ τὴν περὶ τὸν διὰ παντὸς πόλον τεταμένον, φύλακα καὶ δημιουργὸν νυκτός τε καὶ ἡμέρας ἐμηχανήσατο, πρώτην καὶ πρεσβυτάτην θεῶν ὅσοι ἐντὸς οὐρανοῦ γεγόνασιν.
And the Earth, our nourisher, winding around the pole stretched through the universe, he devised as the guardian and creator of night and day, the first and oldest of the gods that have been generated within the heaven.
χορείας δὲ τούτων αὐτῶν καὶ παραβολὰς ἀλλήλων, καὶ τὰς τῶν κύκλων πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς ἐπανακυκλήσεις καὶ προχωρήσεις, ἔν τε ταῖς συνάψεσιν ὁποῖοι τῶν θεῶν κατʼ ἀλλήλους γιγνόμενοι καὶ ὅσοι καταντικρύ, μεθʼ οὕστινάς τε ἐπίπροσθεν ἀλλήλοις ἡμῖν τε κατὰ χρόνους οὕστινας ἕκαστοι κατακαλύπτονται καὶ πάλιν ἀναφαινόμενοι φόβους καὶ σημεῖα τῶν μετὰ ταῦτα γενησομένων τοῖς οὐ δυναμένοις λογίζεσθαι πέμπουσιν, τὸ λέγειν ἄνευ διʼ ὄψεως τούτων αὖ τῶν μιμημάτων μάταιος ἂν εἴη πόνος·
But as for the dances of these very stars and their juxtapositions with one another, and the turnings-back of their circles upon themselves and their advances, and which of the gods in their conjunctions meet one another and how many are in opposition, and behind which ones they are hidden from us and at what times they reappear, sending fears and signs of future events to those who are unable to calculate, to speak of these things without a visual model of these imitations would be a vain labor.
ἀλλὰ ταῦτά τε ἱκανῶς ἡμῖν ταύτῃ καὶ τὰ περὶ θεῶν ὁρατῶν καὶ γεννητῶν εἰρημένα φύσεως ἐχέτω τέλος.
Therefore, let this suffice on these matters, and let our account of the nature of the visible and generated gods have its end.
περὶ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων δαιμόνων εἰπεῖν καὶ γνῶναι τὴν γένεσιν μεῖζον ἢ καθʼ ἡμᾶς, πειστέον δὲ τοῖς εἰρηκόσιν ἔμπροσθεν, ἐκγόνοις μὲν θεῶν οὖσιν, ὡς ἔφασαν, σαφῶς δέ που τούς γε αὑτῶν προγόνους εἰδόσιν·
But concerning the other daemons, to speak and to know their generation is beyond our power, and we must believe those who have spoken before, being, as they said, descendants of the gods, and who must surely have known their own ancestors.
ἀδύνατον οὖν θεῶν παισὶν ἀπιστεῖν, καίπερ ἄνευ τε εἰκότων καὶ ἀναγκαίων ἀποδείξεων λέγουσιν, ἀλλʼ ὡς οἰκεῖα φασκόντων ἀπαγγέλλειν ἑπομένους τῷ νόμῳ πιστευτέον.
It is impossible, then, to disbelieve the children of the gods, even though they speak without probable or necessary proofs, but as they claim to be reporting their own family matters, we must believe them in obedience to the law.