§9.589λέγωμεν δὴ τῷ λέγοντι ὡς λυσιτελεῖ τούτῳ ἀδικεῖν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ, δίκαια δὲ πράττειν οὐ συμφέρει, ὅτι οὐδὲν ἄλλο φησὶν ἢ λυσιτελεῖν αὐτῷ τὸ παντοδαπὸν θηρίον εὐωχοῦντι ποιεῖν ἰσχυρὸν καὶ τὸν λέοντα καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν λέοντα, τὸν δὲ ἄνθρωπον λιμοκτονεῖν καὶ ποιεῖν ἀσθενῆ, ὥστε ἕλκεσθαι ὅπῃ ἂν ἐκείνων ὁπότερον ἄγῃ, καὶ μηδὲν ἕτερον ἑτέρῳ συνεθίζειν μηδὲ φίλον ποιεῖν, ἀλλʼ ἐᾶν αὐτὰ ἐν αὑτοῖς δάκνεσθαί τε καὶ μαχόμενα ἐσθίειν ἄλληλα. παντάπασι γάρ, ἔφη, ταῦτʼ ἂν λέγοι ὁ τὸ ἀδικεῖν ἐπαινῶν. οὐκοῦν αὖ ὁ τὰ δίκαια λέγων λυσιτελεῖν φαίη ἂν δεῖν ταῦτα πράττειν καὶ ταῦτα λέγειν, ὅθεν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ὁ ἐντὸς ἄνθρωπος ἔσται ἐγκρατέστατος, καὶ τοῦ πολυκεφάλου θρέμματος ἐπιμελήσεται ὥσπερ γεωργός, τὰ μὲν ἥμερα τρέφων καὶ τιθασεύων, τὰ δὲ ἄγρια ἀποκωλύων φύεσθαι, σύμμαχον ποιησάμενος τὴν τοῦ λέοντος φύσιν, καὶ κοινῇ πάντων κηδόμενος, φίλα ποιησάμενος ἀλλήλοις τε καὶ αὑτῷ, οὕτω θρέψει; κομιδῇ γὰρ αὖ λέγει ταῦτα ὁ τὸ δίκαιον ἐπαινῶν.
"Let us then say to the one who says that it is profitable for this human to do injustice, and that doing just things is not beneficial, that he says nothing other than that it is profitable for him to feast and make strong the multi-headed beast, and also the lion and the things concerning the lion, but to starve the human and make him weak, so that he is dragged wherever either of those may lead, and not to accustom them to one another or make them friends, but to allow them to bite and fight and devour one another among themselves." "Completely so," he said, "the one who praises doing injustice would say these things." "On the other hand, would not the one who says that just things are profitable say that one ought to do and say those things by which the human within the human will be most in control, and will take care of the multi-headed offspring like a farmer, nourishing and taming the gentle heads, and preventing the wild ones from growing, making the nature of the lion his ally, and, caring for all in common, making them friends with one another and with himself, and thus nourish them?" "Yes, for the one who praises justice says these very things." "In every way, then, the one who panegyrizes just things would speak the truth, while the one who praises unjust things would lie.
κατὰ πάντα τρόπον δὴ ὁ μὲν τὰ δίκαια ἐγκωμιάζων ἀληθῆ ἂν λέγοι, ὁ δὲ τὰ ἄδικα ψεύδοιτο. πρός τε γὰρ ἡδονὴν καὶ πρὸς εὐδοξίαν καὶ ὠφελίαν σκοπουμένῳ ὁ μὲν ἐπαινέτης τοῦ δικαίου ἀληθεύει, ὁ δὲ ψέκτης οὐδὲν ὑγιὲς οὐδʼ εἰδὼς ψέγει ὅτι ψέγει. οὔ μοι δοκεῖ, ἦ δʼ ὅς, οὐδαμῇ γε.
For whether one considers pleasure, reputation, or advantage, the praiser of the just speaks the truth, while the censurer censures nothing healthy and without even knowing what he censures." "Not at all, it seems to me," he said.
πείθωμεν τοίνυν αὐτὸν πρᾴως—οὐ γὰρ ἑκὼν ἁμαρτάνει —ἐρωτῶντες· ὦ μακάριε, οὐ καὶ τὰ καλὰ καὶ αἰσχρὰ νόμιμα διὰ τὰ τοιαῦτʼ ἂν φαῖμεν γεγονέναι· τὰ μὲν καλὰ τὰ ὑπὸ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ, μᾶλλον δὲ ἴσως τὰ ὑπὸ τῷ θείῳ τὰ θηριώδη ποιοῦντα τῆς φύσεως, αἰσχρὰ δὲ τὰ ὑπὸ τῷ ἀγρίῳ τὸ ἥμερον δουλούμενα; συμφήσει· ἢ πῶς; ἐάν μοι, ἔφη, πείθηται. ἔστιν οὖν, εἶπον, ὅτῳ λυσιτελεῖ ἐκ τούτου τοῦ λόγου χρυσίον λαμβάνειν ἀδίκως, εἴπερ τοιόνδε τι γίγνεται, λαμβάνων τὸ χρυσίον ἅμα καταδουλοῦται τὸ βέλτιστον ἑαυτοῦ τῷ μοχθηροτάτῳ;
"Let us then persuade him gently—for he does not err voluntarily—asking him: 'My good man, would we not say that the customary standards of the beautiful and the ugly have come to be for such reasons: the beautiful things being those that subject the beast-like parts of our nature to the human, or perhaps rather to the divine, while the ugly things are those that enslave the gentle part to the wild part?'" "He will agree," he said, "if he is persuaded by me." "'Is there then,' I said, 'anyone for whom it is profitable according to this argument to receive gold unjustly, if something of this sort happens: in receiving the gold, he simultaneously enslaves the best part of himself to the most depraved part?
ἢ εἰ μὲν λαβὼν χρυσίον ὑὸν ἢ θυγατέρα ἐδουλοῦτο, καὶ ταῦτʼ εἰς ἀγρίων τε καὶ κακῶν ἀνδρῶν, οὐκ ἂν αὐτῷ ἐλυσιτέλει οὐδʼ ἂν πάμπολυ ἐπὶ τούτῳ λαμβάνειν, εἰ δὲ τὸ ἑαυτοῦ θειότατον ὑπὸ τῷ ἀθεωτάτῳ τε καὶ μιαρωτάτῳ δουλοῦται καὶ μηδὲν ἐλεεῖ, οὐκ ἄρα ἄθλιός ἐστι καὶ πολὺ ἐπὶ δεινοτέρῳ ὀλέθρῳ χρυσὸν δωροδοκεῖ ἢ Ἐριφύλη ἐπὶ τῇ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ψυχῇ τὸν ὅρμον δεξαμένη; §9.590πολὺ μέντοι, ἦ δʼ ὃς ὁ Γλαύκων· ἐγὼ γάρ σοι ὑπὲρ ἐκείνου ἀποκρινοῦμαι. οὐκοῦν καὶ τὸ ἀκολασταίνειν οἴει διὰ τοιαῦτα πάλαι ψέγεσθαι, ὅτι ἀνίεται ἐν τῷ τοιούτῳ τὸ δεινόν, τὸ μέγα ἐκεῖνο καὶ πολυειδὲς θρέμμα, πέρα τοῦ δέοντος; δῆλον, ἔφη.
Or, if in receiving gold he enslaved his son or daughter, and that too to wild and evil men, it would not profit him, not even if he received a vast amount for it; but if he enslaves the most divine part of himself under the most godless and abominable part, and has no pity, is he not then wretched, and does he not take gold for a far more terrible destruction than Eriphyle did when she accepted the necklace for her husband's life?'" ""By far, indeed," Glaucon said; "for I will answer you on his behalf." "And do you not think that licentiousness has also been censured of old for such reasons, because in such a state the formidable, that great and multi-formed beast, is let loose beyond what is necessary?" "Clearly," he said.
ἡ δʼ αὐθάδεια καὶ δυσκολία ψέγεται οὐχ ὅταν τὸ λεοντῶδές τε καὶ ὀφεῶδες αὔξηται καὶ συντείνηται ἀναρμόστως; πάνυ μὲν οὖν. τρυφὴ δὲ καὶ μαλθακία οὐκ ἐπὶ τῇ αὐτοῦ τούτου χαλάσει τε καὶ ἀνέσει ψέγεται, ὅταν ἐν αὐτῷ δειλίαν ἐμποιῇ; τί μήν; κολακεία δὲ καὶ ἀνελευθερία οὐχ ὅταν τις τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο, τὸ θυμοειδές, ὑπὸ τῷ ὀχλώδει θηρίῳ ποιῇ καὶ ἕνεκα χρημάτων καὶ τῆς ἐκείνου ἀπληστίας προπηλακιζόμενον ἐθίζῃ ἐκ νέου ἀντὶ λέοντος πίθηκον γίγνεσθαι; καὶ μάλα, ἔφη.
"And are not self-will and irritability censured when the lion-like and serpent-like part grows and is stretched inharmoniously?" "Completely so." "And are not luxury and softness censured for the loosening and relaxing of this very same part, when it produces cowardice in it?" "Of course." "And are not flattery and illiberality censured when someone subjects this very same part, the spirited one, under the crowd-like beast, and, for the sake of money and the beast's insatiability, habituates it from youth to be insulted and to become an ape instead of a lion?" "And very much so," he said.
βαναυσία δὲ καὶ χειροτεχνία διὰ τί οἴει ὄνειδος φέρει;
"And why do you think mechanical art and handicraft bring disgrace?
ἢ διʼ ἄλλο τι φήσομεν ἢ ὅταν τις ἀσθενὲς φύσει ἔχῃ τὸ τοῦ βελτίστου εἶδος, ὥστε μὴ ἂν δύνασθαι ἄρχειν τῶν ἐν αὑτῷ θρεμμάτων, ἀλλὰ θεραπεύειν ἐκεῖνα, καὶ τὰ θωπεύματα αὐτῶν μόνον δύνηται μανθάνειν; ἔοικεν, ἔφη.
Or shall we say it is for any other reason than when someone has the form of the best part naturally weak, so as not to be able to rule the beasts within himself, but to serve them, and is only able to learn their flatteries?" "It seems so," he said.
οὐκοῦν ἵνα καὶ ὁ τοιοῦτος ὑπὸ ὁμοίου ἄρχηται οἵουπερ ὁ βέλτιστος, δοῦλον αὐτόν φαμεν δεῖν εἶναι ἐκείνου τοῦ βελτίστου καὶ ἔχοντος ἐν αὑτῷ τὸ θεῖον ἄρχον, οὐκ ἐπὶ βλάβῃ τῇ τοῦ δούλου οἰόμενοι δεῖν ἄρχεσθαι αὐτόν, ὥσπερ Θρασύμαχος ᾤετο τοὺς ἀρχομένους, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἄμεινον ὂν παντὶ ὑπὸ θείου καὶ φρονίμου ἄρχεσθαι, μάλιστα μὲν οἰκεῖον ἔχοντος ἐν αὑτῷ, εἰ δὲ μή, ἔξωθεν ἐφεστῶτος, ἵνα εἰς δύναμιν πάντες ὅμοιοι ὦμεν καὶ φίλοι, τῷ αὐτῷ κυβερνώμενοι; καὶ ὀρθῶς γʼ, ἔφη.
"Therefore, so that such a person may also be ruled by a similar ruler as the best person is, we say that he ought to be a slave of that best person who has the divine ruler within himself, not thinking that he ought to be ruled to the detriment of the slave, as Thrasymachus thought of the ruled, but because it is better for everyone to be ruled by a divine and wise ruler, preferably having it as his own within himself, but if not, standing over him from the outside, so that we may all be as similar and friendly as possible, steered by the same helmsman?" "And rightly so," he said.
δηλοῖ δέ γε, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, καὶ ὁ νόμος ὅτι τοιοῦτον βούλεται, πᾶσι τοῖς ἐν τῇ πόλει σύμμαχος ὤν·
"And indeed," I said, "the law also shows that it desires such a thing, being an ally to all those in the city;"