§3.410οὐκοῦν καὶ ἰατρικήν, οἵαν εἴπομεν, μετὰ τῆς τοιαύτης δικαστικῆς κατὰ πόλιν νομοθετήσεις, αἳ τῶν πολιτῶν σοι τοὺς μὲν εὐφυεῖς τὰ σώματα καὶ τὰς ψυχὰς θεραπεύσουσι, τοὺς δὲ μή, ὅσοι μὲν κατὰ σῶμα τοιοῦτοι, ἀποθνῄσκειν ἐάσουσιν, τοὺς δὲ κατὰ τὴν ψυχὴν κακοφυεῖς καὶ ἀνιάτους αὐτοὶ ἀποκτενοῦσιν; τὸ γοῦν ἄριστον, ἔφη, αὐτοῖς τε τοῖς πάσχουσιν καὶ τῇ πόλει οὕτω πέφανται. οἱ δὲ δὴ νέοι, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, δῆλον ὅτι εὐλαβήσονταί σοι δικαστικῆς εἰς χρείαν ἰέναι, τῇ ἁπλῇ ἐκείνῃ μουσικῇ χρώμενοι ἣν δὴ ἔφαμεν σωφροσύνην ἐντίκτειν. τί μήν; ἔφη.
"Shall you not then lay down laws in the city for a medicine such as we described, along with a judicial system of this kind, which will care for those of your citizens who are well-endowed in their bodies and souls, but as for the others, will allow those who are such in their bodies to die, and will themselves put to death those who are naturally bad and incurable in their souls?" "At any rate, the best thing," he said, "both for the sufferers themselves and for the city, has been shown to be so." "And the young men," I said, "it is clear that they will be careful to avoid going to the need of a judicial system, employing that simple music which we indeed said implants temperance." "How could they not?" he said.
ἆρʼ οὖν οὐ κατὰ ταὐτὰ ἴχνη ταῦτα ὁ μουσικὸς γυμναστικὴν διώκων, ἐὰν ἐθέλῃ, αἱρήσει, ὥστε μηδὲν ἰατρικῆς δεῖσθαι ὅτι μὴ ἀνάγκη; ἔμοιγε δοκεῖ. αὐτά γε μὴν τὰ γυμνάσια καὶ τοὺς πόνους πρὸς τὸ θυμοειδὲς τῆς φύσεως βλέπων κἀκεῖνο ἐγείρων πονήσει μᾶλλον ἢ πρὸς ἰσχύν, οὐχ ὥσπερ οἱ ἄλλοι ἀθληταὶ ῥώμης ἕνεκα σιτία καὶ πόνους μεταχειριεῖται. ὀρθότατα, ἦ δʼ ὅς.
"Will not then the musical man, pursuing gymnastics along these same tracks, if he wishes, capture it so as to have no need of medicine except in case of necessity?" "So it seems to me." "Indeed, those very exercises and labors he will undergo looking to the spirited part of his nature and awakening that, rather than for strength, not like the other athletes who handle food and labors for the sake of physical force." "Most correct," he said.
ἆρʼ οὖν, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, ὦ Γλαύκων, καὶ οἱ καθιστάντες μουσικῇ καὶ γυμναστικῇ παιδεύειν οὐχ οὗ ἕνεκά τινες οἴονται καθιστᾶσιν, ἵνα τῇ μὲν τὸ σῶμα θεραπεύοιντο, τῇ δὲ τὴν ψυχήν; ἀλλὰ τί μήν; ἔφη.
"Is it not then, Glaucon," I said, "that also those who established education in music and gymnastics did not establish it for the purpose that some people think, namely, to treat the body with the one and the soul with the other?" "But what then?" he said.
κινδυνεύουσιν, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, ἀμφότερα τῆς ψυχῆς ἕνεκα τὸ μέγιστον καθιστάναι. πῶς δή; οὐκ ἐννοεῖς, εἶπον, ὡς διατίθενται αὐτὴν τὴν διάνοιαν οἳ ἂν γυμναστικῇ μὲν διὰ βίου ὁμιλήσωσιν, μουσικῆς δὲ μὴ ἅψωνται;
"They seem," I said, "to have established both chiefly for the sake of the soul." "How so?" "Do you not perceive," I said, "how those who have associated with gymnastics through life but have not touched music have their intellect itself disposed?
ἢ αὖ ὅσοι ἂν τοὐναντίον διατεθῶσιν; τίνος δέ, ἦ δʼ ὅς, πέρι λέγεις; ἀγριότητός τε καὶ σκληρότητος, καὶ αὖ μαλακίας τε καὶ ἡμερότητος, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ— ἔγωγε, ἔφη·
Or again, those who have been disposed in the opposite way?" "About what," he said, "do you speak?" "About wildness and hardness, and again, about softness and gentleness," I said.
ὅτι οἱ μὲν γυμναστικῇ ἀκράτῳ χρησάμενοι ἀγριώτεροι τοῦ δέοντος ἀποβαίνουσιν, οἱ δὲ μουσικῇ μαλακώτεροι αὖ γίγνονται ἢ ὡς κάλλιον αὐτοῖς. καὶ μήν, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, τό γε ἄγριον τὸ θυμοειδὲς ἂν τῆς φύσεως παρέχοιτο, καὶ ὀρθῶς μὲν τραφὲν ἀνδρεῖον ἂν εἴη, μᾶλλον δʼ ἐπιταθὲν τοῦ δέοντος σκληρόν τε καὶ χαλεπὸν γίγνοιτʼ ἄν, ὡς τὸ εἰκός. δοκεῖ μοι, ἔφη.
"I do indeed," he said; "that those who employ unmixed gymnastics turn out wilder than is proper, while those who employ music become softer than is noble for them." "And indeed," I said, "the wildness would be provided by the spirited part of nature, and if properly nurtured it would be brave, but if tensioned more than is proper, it would naturally become hard and harsh." "So it seems to me," he said.
τί δέ;
"And what of the gentle?
τὸ ἥμερον οὐχ ἡ φιλόσοφος ἂν ἔχοι φύσις, καὶ μᾶλλον μὲν ἀνεθέντος αὐτοῦ μαλακώτερον εἴη τοῦ δέοντος, καλῶς δὲ τραφέντος ἥμερόν τε καὶ κόσμιον; ἔστι ταῦτα. δεῖν δέ γέ φαμεν τοὺς φύλακας ἀμφοτέρα ἔχειν τούτω τὼ φύσει. δεῖ γάρ. οὐκοῦν ἡρμόσθαι δεῖ αὐτὰς πρὸς ἀλλήλας; πῶς δʼ οὔ; §3.411καὶ τοῦ μὲν ἡρμοσμένου σώφρων τε καὶ ἀνδρεία ἡ ψυχή; πάνυ γε. τοῦ δὲ ἀναρμόστου δειλὴ καὶ ἄγροικος; καὶ μάλα.
Would not the philosophical nature have it, and if it is relaxed too much, would it not be softer than is proper, but if beautifully nurtured, gentle and orderly?" "That is so." "But we say that the guardians must have both of these natures." "For they must." "Must they not then be harmonized with each other?" "How not?" "And the soul of the harmonized person is temperate and brave?
οὐκοῦν ὅταν μέν τις μουσικῇ παρέχῃ καταυλεῖν καὶ καταχεῖν τῆς ψυχῆς διὰ τῶν ὤτων ὥσπερ διὰ χώνης ἃς νυνδὴ ἡμεῖς ἐλέγομεν τὰς γλυκείας τε καὶ μαλακὰς καὶ θρηνώδεις ἁρμονίας, καὶ μινυρίζων τε καὶ γεγανωμένος ὑπὸ τῆς ᾠδῆς διατελῇ τὸν βίον ὅλον, οὗτος τὸ μὲν πρῶτον, εἴ τι θυμοειδὲς εἶχεν, ὥσπερ σίδηρον ἐμάλαξεν καὶ χρήσιμον ἐξ ἀχρήστου καὶ σκληροῦ ἐποίησεν· ὅταν δʼ ἐπέχων μὴ ἀνιῇ ἀλλὰ κηλῇ, τὸ δὴ μετὰ τοῦτο ἤδη τήκει καὶ λείβει, ἕως ἂν ἐκτήξῃ τὸν θυμὸν καὶ ἐκτέμῃ ὥσπερ νεῦρα ἐκ τῆς ψυχῆς καὶ ποιήσῃ
μαλθακὸν αἰχμητήν. πάνυ μὲν οὖν, ἔφη.
"By all means." "And that of the unharmonized cowardly and rude?" "Very much so." "Therefore, when someone allows music to play flutes and pour into his soul through his ears, as if through a funnel, those sweet, soft, and dirge-like harmonies we were just mentioning, and continues hum-singing and delighted by the song through his whole life, at first, if he had any spirited part in him, he softens it like iron and makes it useful from being useless and hard; but when he does not let go but keeps enchanting, after this it already melts and dissolves, until it melts away his spirit and cuts out, as it were, the sinews from his soul and makes him 'a feeble warrior.' "By all means," he said.
καὶ ἐὰν μέν γε, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, ἐξ ἀρχῆς φύσει ἄθυμον λάβῃ, ταχὺ τοῦτο διεπράξατο· ἐὰν δὲ θυμοειδῆ, ἀσθενῆ ποιήσας τὸν θυμὸν ὀξύρροπον ἀπηργάσατο, ἀπὸ σμικρῶν ταχὺ ἐρεθιζόμενόν τε καὶ κατασβεννύμενον.
"And indeed," I said, "if from the beginning he received a spiritless nature, he quickly accomplishes this; but if a spirited one, by making the spirit weak he renders it unstable, quickly irritated by small things and quickly extinguished.
ἀκράχολοι οὖν καὶ ὀργίλοι ἀντὶ θυμοειδοῦς γεγένηνται, δυσκολίας ἔμπλεῳ. κομιδῇ μὲν οὖν. τί δὲ ἂν αὖ γυμναστικῇ πολλὰ πονῇ καὶ εὐωχῆται εὖ μάλα, μουσικῆς δὲ καὶ φιλοσοφίας μὴ ἅπτηται;
So they become quick-tempered and irritable instead of spirited, filled with discontent." "Exactly so." "And what if, on the other hand, he labors much in gymnastics and dines very well, but does not touch music or philosophy?
οὐ πρῶτον μὲν εὖ ἴσχων τὸ σῶμα φρονήματός τε καὶ θυμοῦ ἐμπίμπλαται καὶ ἀνδρειότερος γίγνεται αὐτὸς αὑτοῦ; καὶ μάλα γε. τί δὲ ἐπειδὰν ἄλλο μηδὲν πράττῃ μηδὲ κοινωνῇ Μούσης μηδαμῇ;
Is he not first, having his body in good condition, filled with pride and spirit, and becomes braver than himself?" "Very much so." "But what when he does nothing else and does not share in any Muse at all?
οὐκ εἴ τι καὶ ἐνῆν αὐτοῦ φιλομαθὲς ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ, ἅτε οὔτε μαθήματος γευόμενον οὐδενὸς οὔτε ζητήματος, οὔτε λόγου μετίσχον οὔτε τῆς ἄλλης μουσικῆς, ἀσθενές τε καὶ κωφὸν καὶ τυφλὸν γίγνεται, ἅτε οὐκ ἐγειρόμενον οὐδὲ τρεφόμενον οὐδὲ διακαθαιρομένων τῶν αἰσθήσεων αὐτοῦ; οὕτως, ἔφη.
If there was any love of learning in his soul, since it tastes no learning or inquiry, and shares in no argument or other music, does it not become weak, deaf, and blind, since it is not awakened or nurtured, nor are its senses thoroughly cleansed?" "So it is," he said.
μισόλογος δὴ οἶμαι ὁ τοιοῦτος γίγνεται καὶ ἄμουσος, καὶ πειθοῖ μὲν διὰ λόγων οὐδὲν ἔτι χρῆται, βίᾳ δὲ καὶ ἀγριότητι ὥσπερ θηρίον πρὸς πάντα διαπράττεται, καὶ ἐν ἀμαθίᾳ καὶ σκαιότητι μετὰ ἀρρυθμίας τε καὶ ἀχαριστίας ζῇ. παντάπασιν, ἦ δʼ ὅς, οὕτως ἔχει.
"Such a man, I think, becomes a hater of argument and unmusical, and no longer makes any use of persuasion through arguments, but by force and wildness, like a beast, accomplishes everything, and lives in ignorance and awkwardness along with lack of rhythm and grace." "Entirely so," he said.