§179ἐρῶν γὰρ ἀνὴρ ὑπὸ παιδικῶν ὀφθῆναι ἢ λιπὼν τάξιν ἢ ὅπλα ἀποβαλὼν ἧττον ἂν δήπου δέξαιτο ἢ ὑπὸ πάντων τῶν ἄλλων, καὶ πρὸ τούτου τεθνάναι ἂν πολλάκις ἕλοιτο.
For a man who loves would surely less accept to be seen by his beloved either leaving his post or throwing away his weapons than by all others, and in preference to this he would often choose to die.
καὶ μὴν ἐγκαταλιπεῖν γε τὰ παιδικὰ ἢ μὴ βοηθῆσαι κινδυνεύοντι— οὐδεὶς οὕτω κακὸς ὅντινα οὐκ ἂν αὐτὸς ὁ Ἔρως ἔνθεον ποιήσειε πρὸς ἀρετήν, ὥστε ὅμοιον εἶναι τῷ ἀρίστῳ φύσει·
And indeed, as for abandoning his beloved or not helping him when in danger—there is no one so cowardly whom Eros himself would not make inspired toward virtue, so as to be similar to him who is best by nature.
καὶ ἀτεχνῶς, ὃ ἔφη Ὅμηρος,
"μένος ἐμπνεῦσαι"
ἐνίοις τῶν ἡρώων τὸν θεόν, τοῦτο ὁ Ἔρως τοῖς ἐρῶσι παρέχει γιγνόμενον παρʼ αὑτοῦ.
And simply, what Homer said, that "the god breathed might into" some of the heroes, this Eros provides to those who love, as something coming from himself.
καὶ μὴν ὑπεραποθνῄσκειν γε μόνοι ἐθέλουσιν οἱ ἐρῶντες, οὐ μόνον ὅτι ἄνδρες, ἀλλὰ καὶ αἱ γυναῖκες.
And indeed, to die for another, only those who love are willing, not only men, but also women.
τούτου δὲ καὶ ἡ Πελίου θυγάτηρ Ἄλκηστις ἱκανὴν μαρτυρίαν παρέχεται ὑπὲρ τοῦδε τοῦ λόγου εἰς τοὺς Ἕλληνας, ἐθελήσασα μόνη ὑπὲρ τοῦ αὑτῆς ἀνδρὸς ἀποθανεῖν, ὄντων αὐτῷ πατρός τε καὶ μητρός, οὓς ἐκείνη τοσοῦτον ὑπερεβάλετο τῇ φιλίᾳ διὰ τὸν ἔρωτα, ὥστε ἀποδεῖξαι αὐτοὺς ἀλλοτρίους ὄντας τῷ ὑεῖ καὶ ὀνόματι μόνον προσήκοντας, καὶ τοῦτʼ ἐργασαμένη τὸ ἔργον οὕτω καλὸν ἔδοξεν ἐργάσασθαι οὐ μόνον ἀνθρώποις ἀλλὰ καὶ θεοῖς, ὥστε πολλῶν πολλὰ καὶ καλὰ ἐργασαμένων εὐαριθμήτοις δή τισιν ἔδοσαν τοῦτο γέρας οἱ θεοί, ἐξ Ἅιδου ἀνεῖναι πάλιν τὴν ψυχήν, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἐκείνης ἀνεῖσαν ἀγασθέντες τῷ ἔργῳ·
Of this, indeed, Pelias' daughter Alcestis provides sufficient testimony for this argument to the Greeks, having willed alone to die for her own husband, though he had both a father and a mother, whom she so far surpassed in affection through love, as to show them to be strangers to their son and related to him in name only; and having performed this deed, she seemed to have performed it so beautifully not only to men but also to gods, that, while many had performed many beautiful deeds, the gods gave this prize to only a very few, to send up the soul back from Hades, yet they sent up her soul because they marvelled at her deed.
οὕτω καὶ θεοὶ τὴν περὶ τὸν ἔρωτα σπουδήν τε καὶ ἀρετὴν μάλιστα τιμῶσιν.
Thus even the gods especially honor zeal and virtue concerning love.
Ὀρφέα δὲ τὸν Οἰάγρου ἀτελῆ ἀπέπεμψαν ἐξ Ἅιδου, φάσμα δείξαντες τῆς γυναικὸς ἐφʼ ἣν ἧκεν, αὐτὴν δὲ οὐ δόντες, ὅτι μαλθακίζεσθαι ἐδόκει, ἅτε ὢν κιθαρῳδός, καὶ οὐ τολμᾶν ἕνεκα τοῦ ἔρωτος ἀποθνῄσκειν ὥσπερ Ἄλκηστις, ἀλλὰ διαμηχανᾶσθαι ζῶν εἰσιέναι εἰς Ἅιδου.
But Orpheus, the son of Oeagrus, they sent away empty-handed from Hades, having shown him an apparition of the woman for whom he came, but not giving her herself, because he seemed to act cowardly, being a lyre-player, and not daring to die for the sake of love as Alcestis did, but scheming to enter Hades alive.
τοιγάρτοι διὰ ταῦτα δίκην αὐτῷ ἐπέθεσαν, καὶ ἐποίησαν τὸν θάνατον αὐτοῦ ὑπὸ γυναικῶν γενέσθαι, οὐχ ὥσπερ Ἀχιλλέα τὸν τῆς Θέτιδος ὑὸν ἐτίμησαν καὶ εἰς μακάρων νήσους ἀπέπεμψαν, ὅτι πεπυσμένος παρὰ τῆς μητρὸς ὡς ἀποθανοῖτο ἀποκτείνας Ἕκτορα, μὴ ποιήσας δὲ τοῦτο οἴκαδε ἐλθὼν γηραιὸς τελευτήσοι, ἐτόλμησεν ἑλέσθαι βοηθήσας τῷ ἐραστῇ Πατρόκλῳ καὶ τιμωρήσας οὐ μόνον ὑπεραποθανεῖν ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπαποθανεῖν τετελευτηκότι· ὅθεν δὴ καὶ ὑπεραγασθέντες οἱ θεοὶ διαφερόντως αὐτὸν ἐτίμησαν, ὅτι τὸν ἐραστὴν οὕτω περὶ πολλοῦ ἐποιεῖτο.
Consequently, for these reasons they imposed a penalty on him, and caused his death to come about by women, not as they honored Achilles, the son of Thetis, and sent him away to the Islands of the Blessed, because, having learned from his mother that he would die if he killed Hector, but if he did not do this, he would return home and end his life in old age, he dared to choose, having helped his lover Patroclus and having avenged him, not only to die for him but even to die upon him when he was already dead; whence indeed the gods, marveling exceedingly, honored him exceptionally, because he made so much of his lover.
§180Αἰσχύλος δὲ φλυαρεῖ φάσκων Ἀχιλλέα Πατρόκλου ἐρᾶν, ὃς ἦν καλλίων οὐ μόνον Πατρόκλου ἀλλʼ ἅμα καὶ τῶν ἡρώων ἁπάντων, καὶ ἔτι ἀγένειος, ἔπειτα νεώτερος πολύ, ὥς φησιν Ὅμηρος.
But Aeschylus talks nonsense in claiming that Achilles loved Patroclus, who was more beautiful not only than Patroclus but also than all the heroes together, and still beardless, and moreover much younger, as Homer says.
ἀλλὰ γὰρ τῷ ὄντι μάλιστα μὲν ταύτην τὴν ἀρετὴν οἱ θεοὶ τιμῶσιν τὴν περὶ τὸν ἔρωτα, μᾶλλον μέντοι θαυμάζουσιν καὶ ἄγανται καὶ εὖ ποιοῦσιν ὅταν ὁ ἐρώμενος τὸν ἐραστὴν ἀγαπᾷ, ἢ ὅταν ὁ ἐραστὴς τὰ παιδικά.
But indeed, in reality, while the gods especially honor this virtue concerning love, they nevertheless marvel more and admire and benefit when the beloved cherishes the lover, than when the lover cherishes the beloved.
θειότερον γὰρ ἐραστὴς παιδικῶν· ἔνθεος γάρ ἐστι.
For a lover is a more divine thing than a beloved; for he is inspired.
διὰ ταῦτα καὶ τὸν Ἀχιλλέα τῆς Ἀλκήστιδος μᾶλλον ἐτίμησαν, εἰς μακάρων νήσους ἀποπέμψαντες.
For these reasons they also honored Achilles more than Alcestis, sending him away to the Islands of the Blessed.
οὕτω δὴ ἔγωγέ φημι ἔρωτα θεῶν καὶ πρεσβύτατον καὶ τιμιώτατον καὶ κυριώτατον εἶναι εἰς ἀρετῆς καὶ εὐδαιμονίας κτῆσιν ἀνθρώποις καὶ ζῶσι καὶ τελευτήσασιν.
Thus indeed I say that Eros is of the gods both the oldest and most honorable and most sovereign for the acquisition of virtue and happiness for men both living and dead.
Φαῖδρον μὲν τοιοῦτόν τινα λόγον ἔφη εἰπεῖν, μετὰ δὲ Φαῖδρον ἄλλους τινὰς εἶναι ὧν οὐ πάνυ διεμνημόνευε· οὓς παρεὶς τὸν Παυσανίου λόγον διηγεῖτο.
Phaedrus indeed he said spoke some such speech, and after Phaedrus there were some others whom he did not quite remember; passing over whom, he related the speech of Pausanias.
εἰπεῖν δʼ αὐτὸν ὅτι οὐ καλῶς μοι δοκεῖ, ὦ Φαῖδρε, προβεβλῆσθαι ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος, τὸ ἁπλῶς οὕτως παρηγγέλθαι ἐγκωμιάζειν ἔρωτα.
And he said that he said: "Phaedrus, it does not seem to me that the topic has been well proposed to us, that it should be thus simply commanded to praise Eros.
εἰ μὲν γὰρ εἷς ἦν ὁ Ἔρως, καλῶς ἂν εἶχε, νῦν δὲ οὐ γάρ ἐστιν εἷς·
For if Eros were one, it would be well; but now indeed he is not one.
μὴ ὄντος δὲ ἑνὸς ὀρθότερόν ἐστι πρότερον προρρηθῆναι ὁποῖον δεῖ ἐπαινεῖν.
And since he is not one, it is more correct to declare beforehand what sort of Eros one ought to praise.
ἐγὼ οὖν πειράσομαι τοῦτο ἐπανορθώσασθαι, πρῶτον μὲν ἔρωτα φράσαι ὃν δεῖ ἐπαινεῖν, ἔπειτα ἐπαινέσαι ἀξίως τοῦ θεοῦ.
I, therefore, will try to correct this: first indeed to state which Eros one ought to praise, and then to praise him in a manner worthy of the god.
πάντες γὰρ ἴσμεν ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἄνευ Ἔρωτος Ἀφροδίτη.
For we all know that Aphrodite does not exist without Eros.
μιᾶς μὲν οὖν οὔσης εἷς ἂν ἦν Ἔρως· ἐπεὶ δὲ δὴ δύο ἐστόν, δύο ἀνάγκη καὶ Ἔρωτε εἶναι.
If, on the one hand, she were one, Eros would be one; but since indeed there are two, there must also of necessity be two Eroses.
πῶς δʼ οὐ δύο τὼ θεά;
And how are there not two goddesses?
ἡ μέν γέ που πρεσβυτέρα καὶ ἀμήτωρ Οὐρανοῦ θυγάτηρ, ἣν δὴ καὶ Οὐρανίαν ἐπονομάζομεν· ἡ δὲ νεωτέρα Διὸς καὶ Διώνης, ἣν δὴ Πάνδημον καλοῦμεν.
The older one, surely, having no mother, is the daughter of Uranus, whom indeed we call Urania; the younger, of Zeus and Dione, whom indeed we call Pandemos.
ἀναγκαῖον δὴ καὶ ἔρωτα τὸν μὲν τῇ ἑτέρᾳ συνεργὸν Πάνδημον ὀρθῶς καλεῖσθαι, τὸν δὲ Οὐράνιον.
It is necessary indeed that the Eros who is the helper of the one should correctly be called Pandemos, and the other Uranios.
ἐπαινεῖν μὲν οὖν δεῖ πάντας θεούς, ἃ δʼ οὖν ἑκάτερος εἴληχε πειρατέον εἰπεῖν.
Therefore, while one must praise all gods, one must try to state what each has been allotted.
πᾶσα γὰρ πρᾶξις ὧδʼ ἔχει· αὐτὴ ἐφʼ ἑαυτῆς πραττομένη οὔτε καλὴ οὔτε αἰσχρά.
For every action is thus: performed by itself, it is neither beautiful nor shameful."