Humanitext Reader

Plato · Parmenides §154

The One and Others Becoming Younger and Older Over Time

Passage 25 of 36 · Greek

Summary

While the one and the others are of the same age and neither older nor younger when viewed as becoming at the same time, a paradox is developed showing that they must also be becoming both younger and older than each other because their relative age difference decreases as equal time is added to unequal times.

§154πᾶσιν ἄρα τοῖς ἄλλοις τὴν αὐτὴν ἡλικίαν ἴσχει τὸ ἕν· ὥστʼ εἰ μὴ παρὰ φύσιν πέφυκεν αὐτὸ τὸ ἕν, οὔτε πρότερον οὔτε ὕστερον τῶν ἄλλων γεγονὸς ἂν εἴη, ἀλλʼ ἅμα.
Therefore, the one has the same age as all the others; so that if indeed the one itself is not constituted contrary to nature, it would have become neither prior nor posterior to the others, but at the same time.
καὶ κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν λόγον τὸ ἓν τῶν ἄλλων οὔτε πρεσβύτερον οὔτε νεώτερον ἂν εἴη, οὐδὲ τἆλλα τοῦ ἑνός· κατὰ δὲ τὸν πρόσθεν πρεσβύτερόν τε καὶ νεώτερον, καὶ τἆλλα ἐκείνου ὡσαύτως.
And according to this argument, the one would be neither older nor younger than the others, nor the others than the one; but according to the former argument, it would be both older and younger, and the others in like manner than it.
πάνυ μὲν οὖν.
Entirely so.
ἔστι μὲν δὴ οὕτως ἔχον τε καὶ γεγονός.
Indeed, it is so and has become so.
ἀλλὰ τί αὖ περὶ τοῦ γίγνεσθαι αὐτὸ πρεσβύτερόν τε καὶ νεώτερον τῶν ἄλλων καὶ τἆλλα τοῦ ἑνός, καὶ μήτε νεώτερον μήτε πρεσβύτερον γίγνεσθαι;
But what again about its becoming older and younger than the others, and the others than the one, and becoming neither younger nor older?
ἆρα ὥσπερ περὶ τοῦ εἶναι, οὕτω καὶ περὶ τοῦ γίγνεσθαι ἔχει, ἢ ἑτέρως;
Does it hold in the case of becoming just as in the case of being, or otherwise?
οὐκ ἔχω λέγειν.
I cannot say.
ἀλλʼ ἐγὼ τοσόνδε γε· εἰ καὶ ἔστιν πρεσβύτερον ἕτερον ἑτέρου, γίγνεσθαί γε αὐτὸ πρεσβύτερον ἔτι ἢ ὡς τὸ πρῶτον εὐθὺς γενόμενον διήνεγκε τῇ ἡλικίᾳ οὐκ ἂν ἔτι δύναιτο, οὐδʼ αὖ τὸ νεώτερον ὂν ἔτι νεώτερον γίγνεσθαι· ἀνίσοις γὰρ ἴσα προστιθέμενα, χρόνῳ τε καὶ ἄλλῳ ὁτῳοῦν, ἴσῳ ποιεῖ διαφέρειν ἀεὶ ὅσῳπερ ἂν τὸ πρῶτον διενέγκῃ.
But I can say at least this much: even if one thing is older than another, it could no longer become still older than the difference in age which distinguished them immediately when first they became, nor again could that which is younger become still younger; for equals added to unequals, whether of time or of any other thing whatsoever, make them always differ by the same amount as they differed at first.
πῶς γὰρ οὔ;
How indeed could it not be?
οὐκ ἄρα τό γε ὂν τοῦ ὄντος γίγνοιτʼ ἄν ποτε πρεσβύτερον οὐδὲ νεώτερον, εἴπερ ἴσῳ διαφέρει ἀεὶ τὴν ἡλικίαν· ἀλλʼ ἔστι καὶ γέγονε πρεσβύτερον, τὸ δὲ νεώτερον, γίγνεται δʼ οὔ.
Therefore, that which is would never become older or younger than that which is, if indeed it always differs by an equal amount of age; but it is and has become older, and the other younger, but it does not become so.
ἀληθῆ.
True.
καὶ τὸ ἓν ἄρα ὂν τῶν ἄλλων ὄντων οὔτε πρεσβύτερόν ποτε οὔτε νεώτερον γίγνεται.
And therefore the one, being, never becomes either older or younger than the other things, which are.
οὐ γὰρ οὖν.
Indeed not.
ὅρα δὲ εἰ τῇδε πρεσβύτερα καὶ νεώτερα γίγνεται.
But see whether they become older and younger in this way.
πῇ δή;
In what way?
ἧι τό τε ἓν τῶν ἄλλων ἐφάνη πρεσβύτερον καὶ τἆλλα τοῦ ἑνός.
In that the one appeared older than the others, and the others than the one.
τί οὖν;
What then?
ὅταν τὸ ἓν τῶν ἄλλων πρεσβύτερον ᾖ, πλείω που χρόνον γέγονεν ἢ τὰ ἄλλα.
When the one is older than the others, it has become, I suppose, for a longer time than the others.
ναί.
Yes.
πάλιν δὴ σκόπει· ἐὰν πλέονι καὶ ἐλάττονι χρόνῳ προστιθῶμεν τὸν ἴσον χρόνον, ἆρα τῷ ἴσῳ μορίῳ διοίσει τὸ πλέον τοῦ ἐλάττονος ἢ σμικροτέρῳ;
Consider again: if we add equal time to a longer and a shorter time, would the longer differ from the shorter by an equal fraction, or by a smaller one?
σμικροτέρῳ.
By a smaller one.
οὐκ ἄρα ἔσται, ὅτιπερ τὸ πρῶτον ἦν πρὸς τἆλλα ἡλικίᾳ διαφέρον τὸ ἕν, τοῦτο καὶ εἰς τὸ ἔπειτα, ἀλλὰ ἴσον λαμβάνον χρόνον τοῖς ἄλλοις ἔλαττον ἀεὶ τῇ ἡλικίᾳ διοίσει αὐτῶν ἢ πρότερον·
Therefore, that which at first was the difference in age of the one compared to the others will not remain the same hereafter, but since it receives equal time with the others, it will always differ from them in age by a smaller amount than before.
ἢ οὔ;
Is it not so?
ναί.
Yes.
οὐκοῦν τό γε ἔλαττον διαφέρον ἡλικίᾳ πρός τι ἢ πρότερον νεώτερον γίγνοιτʼ ἂν ἢ ἐν τῷ πρόσθεν πρὸς ἐκεῖνα πρὸς ἃ ἦν πρεσβύτερον πρότερον;
Is it not then that that which differs in age from something by a smaller amount than before would become younger than before in relation to those things in comparison with which it was previously older?
νεώτερον.
Younger.
εἰ δὲ ἐκεῖνο νεώτερον, οὐκ ἐκεῖνα αὖ τὰ ἄλλα πρὸς τὸ ἓν πρεσβύτερα ἢ πρότερον;
And if that is becoming younger, are not those other things in turn becoming older than before in relation to the one?
πάνυ γε.
Quite so.

Notes

  1. 154aπᾶσιν ἄρα τοῖς ἄλλοις τὴν αὐτὴν ἡλικίαν ἴσχει τὸ ἕν — The dative πᾶσιν τοῖς ἄλλοις depends on the adjective τὴν αὐτήν, meaning 'the same age as all the others.' The accusative τὴν αὐτὴν ἡλικίαν functions as the object of the verb ἴσχει ('possesses' or 'keeps').
  2. 154bγίγνεσθαί γε αὐτὸ πρεσβύτερον ἔτι ἢ ὡς τὸ πρῶτον εὐθὺς γενόμενον διήνεγκε τῇ ἡλικίᾳ οὐκ ἂν ἔτι δύναιτο — The subject of the main verb οὐκ ἂν ἔτι δύναιτο is the neuter pronoun αὐτό ('the one'), which also acts as the subject of the infinitive γίγνεσαι. The comparative clause ἔτι ἢ ὡς... literally means 'still more than as it differed (διήνεγκε) in age (τῇ ἡλικίᾳ) immediately when first becoming (τὸ πρῶτον εὐθὺς γενόμενον).'
  3. 154bἀνίσοις γὰρ ἴσα προστιθέμενα, χρόνῳ τε καὶ ἄλλῳ ὁτῳοῦν, ἴσῳ ποιεῖ διαφέρειν ἀεὶ ὅσῳπερ ἂν τὸ πρῶτον διενέγκῃ — The neuter plural subject ἴσα προστιθέμενα ('equals being added') takes the singular verb ποιεῖ. It governs the dative ἀνίσοις ('to unequals'). The subject of the infinitive διαφέρειν is implicitly the unequal things after the addition. ὅσῳπερ is a dative of degree of difference relative to ἴσῳ ('differ by always the same amount as...'), introducing the conditional subjunctive διενέγκῃ with ἄν.
  4. 154eτό γε ἔλαττον διαφέρον ἡλικίᾳ πρός τι ἢ πρότερον — The participle διαφέρον ('differing') is modified adverbially by the comparative neuter singular ἔλαττον ('less differing'). The phrase ἢ πρότερον ('than before') is correlated with ἔλαττον, while πρός τι ('in relation to something') indicates the standard of comparison. This forms the premise of the argument that a decreasing age gap equates to becoming 'younger.'

Cite this passage

Plato, Parmenides §154. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg009.humanitext-grc2:154

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