Humanitext Reader

Plato · Parmenides §139

Denial of Rest, Sameness, and Difference for the One

Passage 10 of 36 · Greek

Summary

Proves that the one does not undergo any motion and does not stand (since it cannot be in the same place), and further argues that the one is neither same nor other, whether in relation to itself or to another.

§139οὔτʼ ἄρα ποι ἰὸν καὶ ἔν τῳ γιγνόμενον χώραν ἀλλάττει, οὔτʼ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ περιφερόμενον οὔτε ἀλλοιούμενον. οὐκ ἔοικε. κατὰ πᾶσαν ἄρα κίνησιν τὸ ἓν ἀκίνητον. ἀκίνητον. ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ εἶναί γέ φαμεν ἔν τινι αὐτὸ ἀδύνατον. φαμὲν γάρ. οὐδʼ ἄρα ποτὲ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ ἐστιν. τί δή; ὅτι ἤδη ἂν ἐν ἐκείνῳ εἴη ἐν ᾧ τῷ αὐτῷ ἐστιν. πάνυ μὲν οὖν. ἀλλʼ οὔτε ἐν αὑτῷ οὔτε ἐν ἄλλῳ οἷόν τε ἦν αὐτῷ ἐνεῖναι. οὐ γὰρ οὖν. οὐδέποτε ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ἓν ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ. οὐκ ἔοικεν. ἀλλὰ μὴν τό γε μηδέποτε ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ ὂν οὔτε ἡσυχίαν ἄγει οὔθʼ ἕστηκεν. οὐ γὰρ οἷόν τε. τὸ ἓν ἄρα, ὡς ἔοικεν, οὔτε ἕστηκεν οὔτε κινεῖται. οὔκουν δὴ φαίνεταί γε.
"Therefore, the one does not change its place by going anywhere and coming to be in something, nor by turning in the same place, nor by being altered." "It does not seem so." "Therefore, in respect to every motion, the one is unmoved." "Unmoved." "But further, we also say that it is impossible for it to be in anything." "Yes, for we say so." "Therefore, it is never in the same place." "Why so?" "Because it would already be in that in which it is as in the same place." "Certainly." "But it was impossible for it to be either in itself or in another." "Indeed it was." "Therefore, the one is never in the same place." "It does not seem so." "But that which is never in the same place neither keeps quiet nor stands." "No, for it is impossible." "The one then, as it seems, neither stands nor moves." "At least it does not appear to.
οὐδὲ μὴν ταὐτόν γε οὔτε ἑτέρῳ οὔτε ἑαυτῷ ἔσται, οὐδʼ αὖ ἕτερον οὔτε αὑτοῦ οὔτε ἑτέρου ἂν εἴη. πῇ δή; ἕτερον μέν που ἑαυτοῦ ὂν ἑνὸς ἕτερον ἂν εἴη καὶ οὐκ ἂν εἴη ἕν. ἀληθῆ. καὶ μὴν ταὐτόν γε ἑτέρῳ ὂν ἐκεῖνο ἂν εἴη, αὐτὸ δʼ οὐκ ἂν εἴη· ὥστε οὐδʼ ἂν οὕτως εἴη ὅπερ ἔστιν, ἕν, ἀλλʼ ἕτερον ἑνός. οὐ γὰρ οὖν. ταὐτὸν μὲν ἄρα ἑτέρῳ ἢ ἕτερον ἑαυτοῦ οὐκ ἔσται. οὐ γάρ. ἕτερον δέ γε ἑτέρου οὐκ ἔσται, ἕως ἂν ᾖ ἕν· οὐ γὰρ ἑνὶ προσήκει ἑτέρῳ τινὸς εἶναι, ἀλλὰ μόνῳ ἑτέρῳ ἑτέρου, ἄλλῳ δὲ οὐδενί. ὀρθῶς. τῷ μὲν ἄρα ἓν εἶναι οὐκ ἔσται ἕτερον· ἢ οἴει; οὐ δῆτα. ἀλλὰ μὴν εἰ μὴ τούτῳ, οὐχ ἑαυτῷ ἔσται, εἰ δὲ μὴ αὑτῷ, οὐδὲ αὐτό· αὐτὸ δὲ μηδαμῇ ὂν ἕτερον οὐδενὸς ἔσται ἕτερον. ὀρθῶς. οὐδὲ μὴν ταὐτόν γε ἑαυτῷ ἔσται. πῶς δʼ οὔ; οὐχ ἥπερ τοῦ ἑνὸς φύσις, αὑτὴ δήπου καὶ τοῦ ταὐτοῦ. τί δή; ὅτι οὐκ, ἐπειδὰν ταὐτὸν γένηταί τῴ τι, ἓν γίγνεται. ἀλλὰ τί μήν; τοῖς πολλοῖς ταὐτὸν γενόμενον πολλὰ ἀνάγκη γίγνεσθαι ἀλλʼ οὐχ ἕν. ἀληθῆ. ἀλλʼ εἰ τὸ ἓν καὶ τὸ ταὐτὸν μηδαμῇ διαφέρει, ὁπότε τι ταὐτὸν ἐγίγνετο, ἀεὶ ἂν ἓν ἐγίγνετο, καὶ ὁπότε ἕν, ταὐτόν. πάνυ γε. εἰ ἄρα τὸ ἓν ἑαυτῷ ταὐτὸν ἔσται, οὐχ ἓν ἑαυτῷ ἔσται· καὶ οὕτω ἓν ὂν οὐχ ἓν ἔσται.
Moreover, it will be neither the same as another nor as itself, nor again other than itself or than another." "How so?" "If it were other than itself, it would be other than one, and would not be one." "True." "And indeed, if it were the same as another, it would be that other, and would not be itself; so that not even in this way would it be what it is, namely one, but other than one." "Certainly not." "Therefore, it will not be the same as another or other than itself." "No." "But it will not be other than another, as long as it is one; for it does not belong to the one to be other than something, but only to the other than another, and to nothing else." "Correct." "Therefore, by being one, it will not be other; or do you think so?" "Certainly not." "But indeed, if not by this, it will not be so by itself, and if not by itself, not itself; and being in no way itself other, it will be other than nothing." "Correct." "Nor indeed will it be the same as itself." "Why not?" "The nature of the one is surely not the same as that of the same." "Why?" "Because, when something becomes the same as something, it does not become one." "But what then?" "By becoming the same as many things, it must become many, and not one." "True." "But if the one and the same do not differ in any way, whenever something became the same, it would always become one, and whenever one, the same." "Certainly." "If, then, the one is to be the same as itself, it will not be one with itself; and thus, being one, it will not be one.
ἀλλὰ μὴν τοῦτό γε ἀδύνατον· ἀδύνατον ἄρα καὶ τῷ ἑνὶ ἢ ἑτέρου ἕτερον εἶναι ἢ ἑαυτῷ ταὐτόν. ἀδύνατον. οὕτω δὴ ἕτερόν γε ἢ ταὐτὸν τὸ ἓν οὔτʼ ἂν αὑτῷ οὔτʼ ἂν ἑτέρῳ εἴη. οὐ γὰρ οὖν.
But indeed this is impossible; therefore, it is also impossible for the one to be either other than another or the same as itself." "Impossible." "Thus indeed the one would be neither other than nor the same as either itself or another." "Certainly not."

Notes

  1. 139aοὔτʼ ἄρα ποι ἰὸν καὶ ἔν τῳ γιγνόμενον — The participles `ἰὸν` (from `εἶμι`) and `γιγνόμενον` are circumstantial (manner or means) qualifying the main verb `ἀλλάττει`. `ποι` ("somewhere") modifies `ἰὸν`, and `ἔν τῳ` ("in something") modifies `γιγνόμενον`.
  2. 139aὅτι ἤδη ἂν ἐν ἐκείνῳ εἴη ἐν ᾧ τῷ αὐτῷ ἐστιν — A causal clause introduced by `ὅτι`. `ἂν... εἴη` represents a potential optative or the apodosis of a contrary-to-fact condition, expressing the logical consequence: "if it were indeed in the same place, it would already exist within that which is the same place."
  3. 139cοὐ γὰρ ἑνὶ προσήκει ἑτέρῳ τινὸς εἶναι, ἀλλὰ μόνῳ ἑτέρῳ ἑτέρου — `ἑνὶ` is a dative depending on `προσήκει` ("it belongs to"). `ἑτέρῳ` is a predicate adjective after `εἶναι`, taking the genitive of difference `τινὸς` ("other than something"). In the second part, `ἑτέρῳ` functions substantively ("an other") and governs the genitive `ἑτέρου` ("than another").
  4. 139eεἰ ἄρα τὸ ἓν ἑαυτῷ ταὐτὸν ἔσται, οὐχ ἓν ἑαυτῷ ἔσται — The dative `ἑαυτῷ` in the first clause modifies `ταὐτὸν` ("the same as itself"), whereas in the second clause `οὐχ ἓν ἑαυτῷ ἔσται`, it modifies `ἕν` ("not one with itself"). The dual usage of the dative with both "the same" and "one" is exploited to construct the paradox.

Cite this passage

Plato, Parmenides §139. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg009.humanitext-grc2:139

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