§297ΞΕ. ὥσπερ ὁ κυβερνήτης τὸ τῆς νεὼς καὶ ναυτῶν ἀεὶ συμφέρον παραφυλάττων, οὐ γράμματα τιθεὶς ἀλλὰ τὴν τέχνην νόμον παρεχόμενος, σῴζει τοὺς συνναύτας, οὕτω καὶ κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον τοῦτον παρὰ τῶν οὕτως ἄρχειν δυναμένων ὀρθὴ γίγνοιτʼ ἂν πολιτεία, τὴν τῆς τέχνης ῥώμην τῶν νόμων παρεχομένων κρείττω;
STRANGER: Just as the pilot, always watching over the benefit of the ship and the sailors, not by setting down written rules but by providing his art as law, saves his fellow sailors, would not in this very same manner a correct constitution arise from those who are able to rule in this way, presenting the power of art as stronger than the laws?
καὶ πάντα ποιοῦσι τοῖς ἔμφροσιν ἄρχουσιν οὐκ ἔστιν ἁμάρτημα, μέχριπερ ἂν ἓν μέγα φυλάττωσι, τὸ μετὰ νοῦ καὶ τέχνης δικαιότατον ἀεὶ διανέμοντες τοῖς ἐν τῇ πόλει σῴζειν τε αὐτοὺς οἷοί τε ὦσιν καὶ ἀμείνους ἐκ χειρόνων ἀποτελεῖν κατὰ τὸ δυνατόν;
And for wise rulers, is there no error in anything they do, as long as they guard one great thing, always distributing with mind and art what is most just to those in the city, and are able to save them and make them better from worse, so far as possible?
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. οὐκ ἔστʼ ἀντειπεῖν παρά γε ἃ νῦν εἴρηται.
YOUNG SOCRATES: There is no speaking against what has now been said.
ΞΕ. καὶ μὴν πρὸς ἐκεῖνα οὐδὲ ἀντιρρητέον.
STRANGER: And indeed, one must not speak against those other points either.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. τὰ ποῖα εἶπες;
YOUNG SOCRATES: What kind of points do you mean?
ΞΕ. ὡς οὐκ ἄν ποτε πλῆθος οὐδʼ ὡντινωνοῦν τὴν τοιαύτην λαβὸν ἐπιστήμην οἷόν τʼ ἂν γένοιτο μετὰ νοῦ διοικεῖν πόλιν, ἀλλὰ περὶ σμικρόν τι καὶ ὀλίγον καὶ τὸ ἕν ἐστι ζητητέον τὴν μίαν ἐκείνην πολιτείαν τὴν ὀρθήν, τὰς δʼ ἄλλας μιμήματα θετέον, ὥσπερ καὶ ὀλίγον πρότερον ἐρρήθη, τὰς μὲν ἐπὶ τὰ καλλίονα, τὰς δʼ ἐπὶ τὰ αἰσχίω μιμουμένας ταύτην.
STRANGER: That no multitude of any kind could ever acquire such science and be able to administer a city with mind, but rather, it is in some small, few, or single person that we must seek that one correct constitution, and we must set down the others as imitations, just as was said a little earlier, some imitating it for the better and others for the worse.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. πῶς τί τοῦτʼ εἴρηκας;
YOUNG SOCRATES: How and in what sense have you said this?
οὐδὲ γὰρ ἄρτι δῆθεν κατέμαθον τὸ περὶ τῶν μιμημάτων.
For indeed, I did not just now clearly understand the matter concerning the imitations.
ΞΕ. καὶ μὴν οὐ φαῦλόν γε, ἂν κινήσας τις τοῦτον τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ καταβάλῃ καὶ μὴ διελθὼν ἐνδείξηται τὸ νῦν γιγνόμενον ἁμάρτημα περὶ αὐτό.
STRANGER: And yet it is no trivial thing, if someone, having set this argument in motion, should let it drop right there, and not, by going through it, demonstrate the error that is now occurring concerning it.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. ποῖον δή;
YOUNG SOCRATES: What kind of error indeed?
ΞΕ. τοιόνδε τι δεῖ γε ζητεῖν, οὐ πάνυ σύνηθες οὐδὲ ῥᾴδιον ἰδεῖν· ὅμως μὴν πειρώμεθα λαβεῖν αὐτό.
STRANGER: We must seek something of this sort, which is not at all common or easy to see; nevertheless, let us try to grasp it.
φέρε γάρ· ὀρθῆς ἡμῖν μόνης οὔσης ταύτης τῆς πολιτείας ἣν εἰρήκαμεν, οἶσθʼ ὅτι τὰς ἄλλας δεῖ τοῖς ταύτης συγγράμμασι χρωμένας οὕτω σῴζεσθαι, δρώσας τὸ νῦν ἐπαινούμενον, καίπερ οὐκ ὀρθότατον ὄν;
For come: since this constitution we have mentioned is the only correct one for us, do you know that the others must preserve themselves by using the written rules of this one, doing what is now praised, although it is not the most correct?
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. τὸ ποῖον;
YOUNG SOCRATES: What kind of thing is that?
ΞΕ. τὸ παρὰ τοὺς νόμους μηδὲν μηδένα τολμᾶν ποιεῖν τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει, τὸν τολμῶντα δὲ θανάτῳ ζημιοῦσθαι καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς ἐσχάτοις.
STRANGER: That no one in the city should dare to do anything contrary to the laws, and that the one who dares should be punished with death and all the extreme penalties.
καὶ τοῦτʼ ἔστιν ὀρθότατα καὶ κάλλιστʼ ἔχον ὡς δεύτερον, ἐπειδὰν τὸ πρῶτόν τις μεταθῇ τὸ νυνδὴ ῥηθέν· ᾧ δὲ τρόπῳ γεγονός ἐστι τοῦτο ὃ δὴ δεύτερον ἐφήσαμεν, διαπερανώμεθα.
And this is most correct and beautiful as a second choice, whenever someone alters the first choice which was just now mentioned; but let us work out in what way this which we called the second choice has come about.
ἦ γάρ;
Shall we?
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. πάνυ μὲν οὖν.
YOUNG SOCRATES: By all means.
ΞΕ. εἰς δὴ τὰς εἰκόνας ἐπανίωμεν πάλιν, αἷς ἀναγκαῖον ἀπεικάζειν ἀεὶ τοὺς βασιλικοὺς ἄρχοντας.
STRANGER: Let us return again to the images to which it is always necessary to liken the kingly rulers.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. ποίας;
YOUNG SOCRATES: What kind of images?
ΞΕ. τὸν γενναῖον κυβερνήτην καὶ τὸν ἑτέρων πολλῶν ἀντάξιον ἰατρόν.
STRANGER: The noble pilot and the doctor who is worth many others.
κατίδωμεν γὰρ δή τι σχῆμα ἐν τούτοις αὐτοῖς πλασάμενοι.
For let us observe some scenario by shaping it within these very examples.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. ποῖόν τι;
YOUNG SOCRATES: What sort of scenario?
§298ΞΕ. τοιόνδε· οἷον εἰ πάντες περὶ αὐτῶν διανοηθεῖμεν ὅτι δεινότατα ὑπʼ αὐτῶν πάσχομεν.
STRANGER: Something like this: suppose we all conceived concerning them that we suffer the most terrible things at their hands.
ὃν μὲν γὰρ ἂν ἐθελήσωσιν ἡμῶν τούτων ἑκάτεροι σῴζειν, ὁμοίως δὴ σῴζουσιν, ὃν δʼ ἂν λωβᾶσθαι βουληθῶσιν, λωβῶνται τέμνοντες καὶ κάοντες καὶ προστάττοντες ἀναλώματα φέρειν παρʼ ἑαυτοὺς οἷον φόρους, ὧν σμικρὰ μὲν εἰς τὸν κάμνοντα καὶ οὐδὲν ἀναλίσκουσιν, τοῖς δʼ ἄλλοις αὐτοί τε καὶ οἱ οἰκέται χρῶνται· καὶ δὴ καὶ τελευτῶντες ἢ παρὰ συγγενῶν ἢ παρά τινων ἐχθρῶν τοῦ κάμνοντος χρήματα μισθὸν λαμβάνοντες ἀποκτεινύασιν.
For whichever of us each of these two wishes to save, they save in like manner, but whichever they wish to mutilate, they mutilate by cutting and burning and ordering them to bring expenses to them like tribute, of which they spend little or nothing on the sick person, but they themselves and their servants use the rest; and indeed in the end, receiving money as pay either from the relatives or from some enemies of the sick person, they kill them.
οἵ τʼ αὖ κυβερνῆται μυρία ἕτερα τοιαῦτα ἐργάζονται, καταλείποντές τε ἔκ τινος ἐπιβουλῆς ἐν ταῖς ἀναγωγαῖς ἐρήμους, καὶ σφάλματα ποιοῦντες ἐν τοῖς πελάγεσιν ἐκβάλλουσιν εἰς τὴν θάλατταν, καὶ ἕτερα κακουργοῦσιν.
And the pilots in turn perform ten thousand other such deeds, leaving people stranded and abandoned in desert places during voyages due to some plot, and making errors on the high seas, casting them into the sea, and committing other mischief.
εἰ δὴ ταῦτα διανοηθέντες βουλευσαίμεθα περὶ αὐτῶν βουλήν τινα, τούτων τῶν τεχνῶν μηκέτι ἐπιτρέπειν ἄρχειν αὐτοκράτορι μηδετέρᾳ μήτʼ οὖν δούλων μήτʼ ἐλευθέρων, συλλέξαι δʼ ἐκκλησίαν ἡμῶν αὐτῶν, ἢ σύμπαντα τὸν δῆμον ἢ τοὺς πλουσίους μόνον, ἐξεῖναι δὲ καὶ ἰδιωτῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων δημιουργῶν περί τε πλοῦ καὶ περὶ νόσων γνώμην ξυμβαλέσθαι καθʼ ὅτι χρὴ τοῖς φαρμάκοις ἡμᾶς καὶ τοῖς ἰατρικοῖς ὀργάνοις πρὸς τοὺς κάμνοντας χρῆσθαι, καὶ δὴ καὶ τοῖς πλοίοις τε αὐτοῖς καὶ τοῖς ναυτικοῖς ὀργάνοις εἰς τὴν τῶν πλοίων χρείαν καὶ περὶ τοὺς κινδύνους τούς τε πρὸς αὐτὸν τὸν πλοῦν ἀνέμων καὶ θαλάττης πέρι καὶ πρὸς τὰς τοῖς λῃσταῖς ἐντεύξεις, καὶ ἐὰν ναυμαχεῖν ἄρα δέῃ που μακροῖς πλοίοις πρὸς ἕτερα τοιαῦτα· τὰ δὲ τῷ πλήθει δόξαντα περὶ τούτων, εἴτε τινῶν ἰατρῶν καὶ κυβερνητῶν εἴτʼ ἄλλων ἰδιωτῶν συμβουλευόντων, γράψαντας ἐν κύρβεσί τισι καὶ στήλαις, τὰ δὲ καὶ ἄγραφα πάτρια θεμένους ἔθη, κατὰ ταῦτα ἤδη πάντα τὸν ἔπειτα χρόνον ναυτίλλεσθαι καὶ τὰς τῶν καμνόντων θεραπείας ποιεῖσθαι.
If, then, conceiving these things, we should hold a council concerning them, and resolve no longer to permit either of these arts to rule with absolute power over either slaves or free men, but to assemble an assembly of ourselves, either the whole populace or the rich alone, and that it should be permitted both for private individuals and other craftsmen to contribute an opinion concerning navigation and diseases, as to how we must use drugs and medical instruments on the sick, and indeed also the ships themselves and the nautical instruments for the use of the ships and concerning the dangers, both those of the voyage itself regarding winds and the sea, and regarding encounters with pirates, and if it should be necessary anywhere to fight a sea-battle with long ships against other such ships; and that the things decided by the multitude concerning these matters, whether some doctors and pilots or other private individuals advised them, having written them on some tablets and pillars, and establishing others as unwritten ancestral customs, according to all these rules we must sail for all future time and perform the treatments of the sick.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. κομιδῇ γε εἴρηκας ἄτοπα.
YOUNG SOCRATES: You have indeed spoken of altogether absurd things.
ΞΕ. κατʼ ἐνιαυτὸν δέ γε ἄρχοντας καθίστασθαι τοῦ πλήθους, εἴτε ἐκ τῶν πλουσίων εἴτε ἐκ τοῦ δήμου παντός, ὃς ἂν κληρούμενος λαγχάνῃ· τοὺς δὲ καταστάντας ἄρχοντας ἄρχειν κατὰ τὰ γράμματα κυβερνῶντας τὰς ναῦς καὶ τοὺς κάμνοντας ἰωμένους.
STRANGER: And further, that rulers should be appointed annually from the multitude, whether from the rich or from the whole populace, whoever is chosen by lot; and that those appointed as rulers should rule according to the written rules, piloting the ships and curing the sick.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. ταῦτʼ ἔτι χαλεπώτερα.
YOUNG SOCRATES: These things are still more difficult.