§424ΕΡΜ. πάνυ μὲν οὖν.
HERMOGENES: Most certainly.
ΣΩ. καὶ τί ἂν φαίης τὸν τοῦτο δυνάμενον, ὥσπερ τοὺς προτέρους τὸν μὲν μουσικὸν ἔφησθα, τὸν δέ γραφικόν.
SOCRATES: And what would you call the one who is able to do this, just as you called the former, one a musician and the other a painter?
τοῦτον δὲ τίνα;
What would you call this one?
ΕΡΜ. τοῦτο ἔμοιγε δοκεῖ, ὦ Σώκρατες, ὅπερ πάλαι ζητοῦμεν, οὗτος ἂν εἶναι ὁ ὀνομαστικός.
HERMOGENES: This, Socrates, seems to me to be what we have been seeking for a long time: this man would be the namer.
ΣΩ. εἰ ἄρα τοῦτο ἀληθές, ἤδη ἔοικεν ἐπισκεπτέον περὶ ἐκείνων τῶν ὀνομάτων ὧν σὺ ἤρου, περὶ
ῥοῆς
τε καὶ τοῦ
ἰέναι
καὶ
σχέσεως,
εἰ τοῖς γράμμασι καὶ ταῖς συλλαβαῖς τοῦ ὄντος ἐπιλαμβάνεται αὐτῶν ὥστε ἀπομιμεῖσθαι τὴν οὐσίαν, εἴτε καὶ οὔ;
SOCRATES: If, then, this is true, it seems we must now investigate those names about which you asked—about flow and going and holding—to see whether they grasp their reality with letters and syllables so as to imitate their essence, or not.
ΕΡΜ. πάνυ μὲν οὖν.
HERMOGENES: Most certainly.
ΣΩ. φέρε δὴ ἴδωμεν πότερον ἄρα ταῦτα μόνα ἐστὶ τῶν πρώτων ὀνομάτων ἢ καὶ ἄλλα πολλά.
SOCRATES: Come then, let us see whether these are the only primary names, or whether there are also many others.
ΕΡΜ. οἶμαι ἔγωγε καὶ ἄλλα.
HERMOGENES: I, for my part, think there are others.
ΣΩ. εἰκὸς γάρ.
SOCRATES: Indeed, that is likely.
ἀλλὰ τίς ἂν εἴη ὁ τρόπος τῆς διαιρέσεως ὅθεν ἄρχεται μιμεῖσθαι ὁ μιμούμενος;
But what would be the method of division from which the imitator begins to imitate?
ἆρα οὐκ ἐπείπερ συλλαβαῖς τε καὶ γράμμασιν ἡ μίμησις τυγχάνει οὖσα τῆς οὐσίας, ὀρθότατόν ἐστι διελέσθαι τὰ στοιχεῖα πρῶτον, ὥσπερ οἱ ἐπιχειροῦντες τοῖς ῥυθμοῖς τῶν στοιχείων πρῶτον τὰς δυνάμεις διείλοντο, ἔπειτα τῶν συλλαβῶν, καὶ οὕτως ἤδη ἔρχονται ἐπὶ τοὺς ῥυθμοὺς σκεψόμενοι, πρότερον δʼ οὔ;
Since the imitation of the essence happens to be by means of syllables and letters, is it not most correct to divide the elements first, just as those who undertake rhythm first divide the powers of the elements, then those of syllables, and only then proceed to investigate rhythms, but not before?
ΕΡΜ. ναί.
HERMOGENES: Yes.
ΣΩ. ἆρʼ οὖν καὶ ἡμᾶς οὕτω δεῖ πρῶτον μὲν τὰ φωνήεντα διελέσθαι, ἔπειτα τῶν ἑτέρων κατὰ εἴδη τά τε ἄφωνα καὶ ἄφθογγα—οὑτωσὶ γάρ που λέγουσιν οἱ δεινοὶ περὶ τούτων— καὶ τὰ αὖ φωνήεντα μὲν οὔ, οὐ μέντοι γε ἄφθογγα;
SOCRATES: Must we, then, also in this way first divide the vowels, and then, of the other letters, according to their kinds, both the voiceless and the soundless—for so, I suppose, those who are clever about these things call them—and those, again, which are not vowels, yet not soundless either?
καὶ αὐτῶν τῶν φωνηέντων ὅσα διάφορα εἴδη ἔχει ἀλλήλων;
And of the vowels themselves, how many different kinds they have from one another?
καὶ ἐπειδὰν ταῦτα διελώμεθα εὖ πάντα αὖ οἷς δεῖ ὀνόματα ἐπιθεῖναι, εἰ ἔστιν εἰς ἃ ἀναφέρεται πάντα ὥσπερ τὰ στοιχεῖα, ἐξ ὧν ἔστιν ἰδεῖν αὐτά τε καὶ εἰ ἐν αὐτοῖς ἔνεστιν εἴδη κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς στοιχείοις·
And when we have divided all these well, we must in turn look at the things to which we must apply names, to see whether there are elements to which they all are referred, just like the letters, from which we can see both the things themselves and whether there are kinds in them in the same way as in the elements; having thoroughly examined all these things, should we not know how to apply each according to its similarity, whether we must apply one to one, or mix many together?
ταῦτα πάντα καλῶς διαθεασαμένους ἐπίστασθαι ἐπιφέρειν ἕκαστον κατὰ τὴν ὁμοιότητα, ἐάντε ἓν ἑνὶ δέῃ ἐπιφέρειν, ἐάντε συγκεραννύντα πολλὰ, ὥσπερ οἱ ζωγράφοι βουλόμενοι ἀφομοιοῦν ἐνίοτε μὲν ὄστρεον μόνον ἐπήνεγκαν, ἐνίοτε δὲ ὁτιοῦν ἄλλο τῶν φαρμάκων, ἔστι δὲ ὅτε πολλὰ συγκεράσαντες, οἷον ὅταν ἀνδρείκελον σκευάζωσιν ἢ ἄλλο τι τῶν τοιούτων—ὡς ἂν οἶμαι δοκῇ ἑκάστη ἡ εἰκὼν δεῖσθαι ἑκάστου φαρμάκου—οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τὰ στοιχεῖα ἐπὶ τὰ πράγματα ἐποίσομεν, καὶ ἓν ἐπὶ ἕν, οὗ ἂν δοκῇ δεῖν, καὶ σύμπολλα, ποιοῦντες ὃ δὴ συλλαβὰς καλοῦσιν, καὶ συλλαβὰς αὖ συντιθέντες, ἐξ ὧν τά τε ὀνόματα καὶ τὰ ῥήματα συντίθενται· καὶ πάλιν ἐκ τῶν ὀνομάτων καὶ ῥημάτων μέγα ἤδη τι καὶ καλὸν καὶ ὅλον συστήσομεν, ὥσπερ ἐκεῖ τὸ ζῷον τῇ γραφικῇ, ἐνταῦθα τὸν λόγον τῇ ὀνομαστικῇ ἢ ῥητορικῇ ἢ ἥτις ἐστὶν ἡ τέχνη.
Just as painters, wishing to make a likeness, sometimes apply only shell-pigment, and sometimes any other of the pigments, and sometimes mixing many, as when they prepare a flesh-color or something else of that sort—according as, I suppose, each image seems to require each pigment—so indeed we too shall apply the elements to things, both one to one, where it seems necessary, and many together, making what they call syllables, and again combining syllables, from which both names and verbs are composed; and again from names and verbs we shall construct something already large, beautiful, and whole, just as there they construct the living being by painting, so here we construct discourse by the art of naming or rhetoric, or whatever art it is.