§83ΦΑΙΔ. — ὅπερ οὖν λέγω, γιγνώσκουσιν οἱ φιλομαθεῖς ὅτι οὕτω παραλαβοῦσα ἡ φιλοσοφία ἔχουσαν αὐτῶν τὴν ψυχὴν ἠρέμα παραμυθεῖται καὶ λύειν ἐπιχειρεῖ, ἐνδεικνυμένη ὅτι ἀπάτης μὲν μεστὴ ἡ διὰ τῶν ὀμμάτων σκέψις, ἀπάτης δὲ ἡ διὰ τῶν ὤτων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων αἰσθήσεων, πείθουσα δὲ ἐκ τούτων μὲν ἀναχωρεῖν, ὅσον μὴ ἀνάγκη αὐτοῖς χρῆσθαι, αὐτὴν δὲ εἰς αὑτὴν συλλέγεσθαι καὶ ἁθροίζεσθαι παρακελευομένη, πιστεύειν δὲ μηδενὶ ἄλλῳ ἀλλ’ ἢ αὐτὴν αὑτῇ, ὅτι ἂν νοήσῃ αὐτὴ καθ’ αὑτὴν αὐτὸ καθ’ αὑτὸ τῶν ὄντων· ὅτι δ’ ἂν δι’ ἄλλων σκοπῇ ἐν ἄλλοις ὂν ἄλλο, μηδὲν ἡγεῖσθαι ἀληθές· εἶναι δὲ τὸ μὲν τοιοῦτον αἰσθητόν τε καὶ ὁρατόν, ὃ δὲ αὐτὴ ὁρᾷ νοητόν τε καὶ ἀιδές.
—As I was saying, then, the lovers of learning know that philosophy, taking over their soul when it is in this state, gently encourages it and attempts to release it, pointing out that investigation through the eyes is full of deceit, and deceitful is that through the ears and the other senses, persuading it to withdraw from these except in so far as it is necessary to use them, and urging it to collect and gather itself into itself, and to trust nothing else but itself, whatever it thinks by itself of things that are themselves by themselves; but whatever it examines through other means, being in other things and itself different, to deem none of it true; and that such a thing is sensible and visible, but what the soul itself sees is intelligible and invisible.
ταύτῃ οὖν τῇ λύσει οὐκ οἰομένη δεῖν ἐναντιοῦσθαι ἡ τοῦ ὡς ἀληθῶς φιλοσόφου ψυχὴ οὕτως ἀπέχεται τῶν ἡδονῶν τε καὶ ἐπιθυμιῶν καὶ λυπῶν καθ’ ὅσον δύναται, λογιζομένη ὅτι, ἐπειδάν τις σφόδρα ἡσθῇ ἢ φοβηθῇ ἢ ἐπιθυμήσῃ, οὐδὲν τοσοῦτον κακὸν ἔπαθεν ἀπ’ αὐτῶν ὧν ἄν τις οἰηθείη, οἷον ἢ νοσήσας ἤ τι ἀναλώσας διὰ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας, ἀλλ’ ὃ πάντων μέγιστόν τε κακῶν καὶ ἔσχατόν ἐστι, τοῦτο πάσχει καὶ οὐ λογίζεται αὐτό. τί τοῦτο, ὦ Σώκρατες; ἔφη ὁ Κέβης. ὅτι ψυχὴ παντὸς ἀνθρώπου ἀναγκάζεται ἅμα τε ἡσθῆναι σφόδρα ἢ λυπηθῆναι ἐπί τῳ καὶ ἡγεῖσθαι περὶ ὃ ἂν μάλιστα τοῦτο πάσχῃ, τοῦτο ἐναργέστατόν τε εἶναι καὶ ἀληθέστατον, οὐχ οὕτως ἔχον· ταῦτα δὲ μάλιστα τὰ ὁρατά· ἢ οὔ; πάνυ γε. οὐκοῦν ἐν τούτῳ τῷ πάθει μάλιστα καταδεῖται ψυχὴ ὑπὸ σώματος; πῶς δή; ὅτι ἑκάστη ἡδονὴ καὶ λύπη ὥσπερ ἧλον ἔχουσα προσηλοῖ αὐτὴν πρὸς τὸ σῶμα καὶ προσπερονᾷ καὶ ποιεῖ σωματοειδῆ, δοξάζουσαν ταῦτα ἀληθῆ εἶναι ἅπερ ἂν καὶ τὸ σῶμα φῇ.
Therefore, the soul of the truly philosopher, thinking that it must not oppose this release, thus abstains from pleasures, desires, and pains as much as possible, reasoning that when anyone experiences intense pleasure, fear, or desire, he suffers from them no such great evil as one might suppose, such as falling ill or wasting some of his wealth through his desires, but he suffers that which is the greatest and extreme of all evils, and does not take it into account.” “What is this, Socrates?” said Kebes. “That the soul of every human being, at the same time as it is intensely pleased or pained by something, is forced to believe that whatever causes this experience most is most vivid and most true, though it is not so; and these are especially visible things, are they not?” “Certainly.” “Then is it not in this experience that the soul is most bound down by the body?” “How so?” “Because every pleasure and pain, as if holding a nail, nails the soul to the body and pins it down and makes it corporeal, believing those things to be true which the body says are so.
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ ὁμοδοξεῖν τῷ σώματι καὶ τοῖς αὐτοῖς χαίρειν ἀναγκάζεται οἶμαι ὁμότροπός τε καὶ ὁμότροφος γίγνεσθαι καὶ οἵα μηδέποτε εἰς Ἅιδου καθαρῶς ἀφικέσθαι, ἀλλὰ ἀεὶ τοῦ σώματος ἀναπλέα ἐξιέναι, ὥστε ταχὺ πάλιν πίπτειν εἰς ἄλλο σῶμα καὶ ὥσπερ σπειρομένη ἐμφύεσθαι, καὶ ἐκ τούτων ἄμοιρος εἶναι τῆς τοῦ θείου τε καὶ καθαροῦ καὶ μονοειδοῦς συνουσίας. ἀληθέστατα, ἔφη, λέγεις, ὁ Κέβης, ὦ Σώκρατες. τούτων τοίνυν ἕνεκα, ὦ Κέβης, οἱ δικαίως φιλομαθεῖς κόσμιοί εἰσι καὶ ἀνδρεῖοι, οὐχ ὧν οἱ πολλοὶ ἕνεκά φασιν·
For from agreeing with the body and rejoicing in the same things, it is forced, I think, to become like it in character and nurture, and of such a nature as never to arrive pure in Hades, but always departs full of the body, so that it quickly falls again into another body and, as if sown, grows into it, and from this is deprived of association with the divine, pure, and uniform.” “Most true, Socrates,” said Kebes. “Therefore, Kebes, for these reasons those who are rightly lovers of learning are orderly and brave, and not for the reasons that the many say.
ἢ σὺ οἴει;
Or do you think so?”