§70ΦΑΙΔ. εἰπόντος δὴ τοῦ Σωκράτους ταῦτα, ὑπολαβὼν ὁ Κέβης ἔφη· ὦ Σώκρατες, τὰ μὲν ἄλλα ἔμοιγε δοκεῖ καλῶς λέγεσθαι, τὰ δὲ περὶ τῆς ψυχῆς πολλὴν ἀπιστίαν παρέχει τοῖς ἀνθρώποις μή, ἐπειδὰν ἀπαλλαγῇ τοῦ σώματος, οὐδαμοῦ ἔτι ᾖ, ἀλλ’ ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ διαφθείρηταί τε καὶ ἀπολλύηται ᾗ ἂν ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἀποθνῄσκῃ, εὐθὺς ἀπαλλαττομένη τοῦ σώματος, καὶ ἐκβαίνουσα ὥσπερ πνεῦμα ἢ καπνὸς διασκεδασθεῖσα οἴχηται διαπτομένη καὶ οὐδὲν ἔτι οὐδαμοῦ ᾖ.
Phaedo: When Socrates had said this, Cebes took up the word and said, "Socrates, the other things indeed seem to me to be well said, but what concerns the soul causes great disbelief in people, lest, when it is released from the body, it should no longer exist anywhere, but on that very day when the human dies, immediately upon being released from the body, and going out like a breath or smoke, it should be dispersed and fly away, and no longer exist anywhere at all.
ἐπεί, εἴπερ εἴη που αὐτὴ καθ’ αὑτὴν συνηθροισμένη καὶ ἀπηλλαγμένη τούτων τῶν κακῶν ὧν σὺ νυνδὴ διῆλθες, πολλὴ ἂν εἴη ἐλπὶς καὶ καλή, ὦ Σώκρατες, ὡς ἀληθῆ ἐστιν ἃ σὺ λέγεις·
For indeed, if it should exist somewhere, gathered together by itself and released from those evils which you just went through, there would be great and beautiful hope, Socrates, that what you say is true.
ἀλλὰ τοῦτο δὴ ἴσως οὐκ ὀλίγης παραμυθίας δεῖται καὶ πίστεως, ὡς ἔστι τε ψυχὴ ἀποθανόντος τοῦ ἀνθρώπου καί τινα δύναμιν ἔχει καὶ φρόνησιν. ἀληθῆ, ἔφη, λέγεις, ὁ Σωκράτης, ὦ Κέβης·
But this very thing perhaps requires no little persuasion and proof, namely, that the soul of a dead human exists and possesses some power and wisdom." "What you say is true, Cebes," said Socrates.
ἀλλὰ τί δὴ ποιῶμεν;
"But what then should we do?
ἢ περὶ αὐτῶν τούτων βούλει διαμυθολογῶμεν, εἴτε εἰκὸς οὕτως ἔχειν εἴτε μή; ἐγὼ γοῦν, ἔφη ὁ Κέβης, ἡδέως ἂν ἀκούσαιμι ἥντινα δόξαν ἔχεις περὶ αὐτῶν. οὔκουν γ’ ἂν οἶμαι, ἦ δ’ ὃς ὁ Σωκράτης, εἰπεῖν τινα νῦν ἀκούσαντα, οὐδ’ εἰ κωμῳδοποιὸς εἴη, ὡς ἀδολεσχῶ καὶ οὐ περὶ προσηκόντων τοὺς λόγους ποιοῦμαι.
Do you want us to converse about these very things, to see whether it is likely to be so or not?" "I, at least," said Cebes, "would gladly hear what opinion you hold about them." "At any rate, I do not think," Socrates said, "that anyone listening to us now, even if he were a comic poet, would say that I am babbling and making speeches about things that do not concern me.
εἰ οὖν δοκεῖ, χρὴ διασκοπεῖσθαι.
If, then, it seems best, we must examine this.
σκεψώμεθα δὲ αὐτὸ τῇδέ πῃ, εἴτ’ ἄρα ἐν Ἅιδου εἰσὶν αἱ ψυχαὶ τελευτησάντων τῶν ἀνθρώπων εἴτε καὶ οὔ.
Let us examine it in some such way as this, whether the souls of deceased humans are in Hades or not.
παλαιὸς μὲν οὖν ἔστι τις λόγος οὗ μεμνήμεθα, ὡς εἰσὶν ἐνθένδε ἀφικόμεναι ἐκεῖ, καὶ πάλιν γε δεῦρο ἀφικνοῦνται καὶ γίγνονται ἐκ τῶν τεθνεώτων·
Now, there is an ancient story which we remember, that they go there from here, and come back here again and are born from the dead.
καὶ εἰ τοῦθ’ οὕτως ἔχει, πάλιν γίγνεσθαι ἐκ τῶν ἀποθανόντων τοὺς ζῶντας, ἄλλο τι ἢ εἶεν ἂν αἱ ψυχαὶ ἡμῶν ἐκεῖ;
And if this is so, that the living are born again from the dead, is it anything other than that our souls are there?
οὐ γὰρ ἄν που πάλιν ἐγίγνοντο μὴ οὖσαι, καὶ τοῦτο ἱκανὸν τεκμήριον τοῦ ταῦτ’ εἶναι, εἰ τῷ ὄντι φανερὸν γίγνοιτο ὅτι οὐδαμόθεν ἄλλοθεν γίγνονται οἱ ζῶντες ἢ ἐκ τῶν τεθνεώτων· εἰ δὲ μὴ ἔστι τοῦτο, ἄλλου ἄν του δέοι λόγου. πάνυ μὲν οὖν, ἔφη ὁ Κέβης.
For they would not, I suppose, be born again if they did not exist, and this is a sufficient proof of these things, if it should become truly manifest that the living are born from nowhere else than from the dead; but if this is not so, we should need some other argument." "Certainly," said Cebes.
μὴ τοίνυν κατ᾽ ἀνθρώπων, ἦ δ’ ὅς, σκόπει μόνον τοῦτο, εἰ βούλει ῥᾷον μαθεῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ ζῴων πάντων καὶ φυτῶν, καὶ συλλήβδην ὅσαπερ ἔχει γένεσιν περὶ πάντων ἴδωμεν ἆρ’ οὑτωσὶ γίγνεται πάντα, οὐκ ἄλλοθεν ἢ ἐκ τῶν ἐναντίων τὰ ἐναντία, ὅσοις τυγχάνει ὂν τοιοῦτόν τι, οἷον τὸ καλὸν τῷ αἰσχρῷ ἐναντίον που καὶ δίκαιον ἀδίκῳ, καὶ ἄλλα δὴ μυρία οὕτως ἔχει.
"Do not then," he said, "consider this only with regard to humans, if you wish to learn more easily, but also with regard to all animals and plants, and in short, let us look at everything that has generation, to see whether all things are generated in this way, namely, opposites from opposites, in all cases where such a relation happens to exist—as, for instance, the beautiful is opposite to the ugly, and the just to the unjust, and there are countless other such cases.
τοῦτο οὖν σκεψώμεθα, ἆρα ἀναγκαῖον ὅσοις ἔστι τι ἐναντίον, μηδαμόθεν ἄλλοθεν αὐτὸ γίγνεσθαι ἢ ἐκ τοῦ αὐτῷ ἐναντίου.
Let us then examine this, whether it is necessary that for all things that have an opposite, they are generated from nowhere else than from their own opposite.
οἷον ὅταν μεῖζόν τι γίγνηται, ἀνάγκη που ἐξ ἐλάττονος ὄντος πρότερον ἔπειτα μεῖζον γίγνεσθαι; ναί.
For example, when something becomes greater, is it not necessary that, having been smaller before, it then becomes greater?" "Yes."