§1#4τὰ μὲν σιτία καὶ ποτὰ καὶ τἄλλα πάν-τα σκοπὸν ἐθέτω τό θ᾿ ὑγρὸν καὶ τὸ θερμὸν, ὡς δέον ὑγραίνειν τε καὶ θερμαίνειν τῶν γερόντων τὰ στερεὰ μόρια τοῦ σώματος, ἅπερ καὶ μόνα κυρίως ὀνομαζόντων ἐστὶ μό-ρια.
Let food and drink and all other things set as a target the wet and the hot, since it is necessary to wet and warm the solid parts of the body of the elderly, which are the only parts properly called parts by those who name them.
προνοητέον δὲ πάλιν ἐπὶ τῆς τῶν φλεγματωδῶν περιτ-τωμάτων κενώσεως.
But on the other hand, one must again provide for the evacuation of phlegmatic residues.
εἴπερ οὖν ἐκ μὲν τῆς περὶ κράσεων πραγματείας ἀναλέξαις τε καὶ μάθοις ἐπιστημονικῶς ψυχρὰν καὶ ξηρὰν εἶναι τὴν οἰκείαν τῶν γερόντων κρᾶσιν, ἐπίκτητον δὲ ἴσχειν αὐτοὺς ὑγρότητα, διὰ τὴν τῶν φλεγματωδῶν περιττωμάτων γένεσιν, ἐλθὼν δὲ ἀπ᾿ ἐκείνων ἐπὶ τὰ τῶν ὑγιεινῶν ὑπομνήματα προσεπιμάθοις ὅπως χρὴ διαιτᾷν τοὺς γέροντας, εὔδηλον ἔσται σοι τὸ τῆς νῦν προκειμένης ῥήσεως ἀδιόριστον.
If, therefore, you should gather and learn scientifically from the treatise "On Temperaments" that the proper temperament of the elderly is cold and dry, but that they have an acquired wetness due to the generation of phlegmatic residues, and having gone from those writings to the commentaries "On Hygiene", you should further learn how one must regulate the regimen of the elderly, the lack of qualification in the present passage will be perfectly clear to you.
οὔτε γὰρ εἰς δύο ἐχρῆν διαιρεῖσθαι τὸν ἀν-θρώπινον βίον οὔτε ἐπὶ τῶν γερόντων ὑγρὰ καὶ μαλακὰ σώματα εἰρῆσθαι, οὔθ᾿ ὅτι ξηροῖς τὴν κρᾶσιν ἐδέσμασι διαι-τητέον αὐτούς.
For neither ought human life to be divided into two, nor should wet and soft bodies be spoken of in the case of the elderly, nor that they must be regulated in regimen with dry foods in their temperament.
τοὺς μέντοι νέους πεπηγότα φήσας ἔχειν τὰ σώματα καὶ τὴν κρᾶσιν εἶναι ξηροὺς εὔδηλός ἐστιν ἐπὶ τῶν ἀκμαζόντων μόνων τὸν λόγον πεποιημένος καὶ τού-τους ὀνομάσας νέους.
However, by saying that young people have firm bodies and are dry in their temperament, he is clearly making his argument concerning those in their prime alone and calling these people young.
παρέλιπεν οὖν τήν τε τῶν παίδων ἡλικίαν καὶ τὴν τῶν παρακμαζόντων, ὡς δὲ ἐγώ φημι καὶ τὴν εὐκρατοτάτην γε, ἥτις ἐστὶν ἐν τῷ μεταξὺ τῶν παιδίων τε καὶ τῶν ἀκμαζόντων.
He therefore omitted the age of children and that of those past their prime, and, as I say, even the most well-blended one, which is between children and those in their prime.
εὔδηλος δ᾿ ἐστὶ καὶ αὐτὸς ὑπο-πτεύων τὸν ἑαυτοῦ λόγον.
And he himself is clear in suspecting his own argument.
οὐ γὰρ ἁπλῶς εἶπε τοὺς πρεσβυ-τέρους τῷ ξηροτέρῳ χρὴ τρόπῳ διαιτᾷν, ἀλλὰ προσέθηκε, τὸ πλέον τοῦ χρόνου. τοῦτο δὲ ταὐτόν ἐστι τῷ φάναι μὴ διὰ παντὸς, ὅπερ οὔτε τῇ ἕξει τοῦ σώματος οὔτε τῇ ἡλικίᾳ προσέθηκεν ἑτέρᾳ, διὰ παντὸς γὰρ χρὴ τὴν οἰ-κείαν ἑκάστῳ σώματι δίαιταν αἱρεῖσθαι.
For he did not simply say that the older people ought to be regulated in regimen in a drier way, but added, "the greater part of the time." This is the same as saying "not always", which he added neither to the constitution of the body nor to any other age, for one ought always to choose the regimen proper to each body.
"Δεῖ οὖν πρὸς τὴν ἡλικίην καὶ τὴν ὥρην καὶ τὸ ἔθος καὶ τὴν χώρην καὶ τὰ εἴδεα τὰ διαιτήματα ποιέεσθαι ἐναντιούμενον τοῖσι καθισταμένοισι καὶ θάλπεσι καὶ χει-μῶσιν. οὕτως γὰρ ἂν μάλιστα ὑγιαίνοιεν. "[q.
"Therefore, one must make the regimens in relation to age, season, habit, locality, and physical types, opposing the established heat and cold.
1]
Καθόλου ὁ λόγος οὗτος εἴρηται πρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ σαφῶς καὶ ἀληθῶς ἤδη πολλάκις ἐν πολλοῖς ἡμῖν διηνυσμένος.
For in this way they would be healthiest." [q.1] Generally this argument has been spoken by him both clearly and truly, and has already been frequently fully discussed by us in many places.
"Καὶ ὁδοιπορέειν τοῦ μὲν χειμῶνος ταχέως χρὴ, τοῦ δὲ θέ-ρεος ἡσυχῇ ἔχειν, ἢν μὴ διὰ καύματος ὁδοιπορέῃ. "[q. 2]
Πῶς ὁδοιπορεῖν χρὴ διδάσκει καθ᾿ ἑκάστην τῶν ὡρῶν. τοῦ μὲν χειμῶνος αἱρούμενον τὸν ξηραίνοντά τε καὶ θερ-μαίνοντα π ερίπατον, τοῦ θέρους δὲ τὸν ἐναντίον σκοπὸν ποιεῖν, ἢ μὴ δι᾿ ἡλίου, φησὶν, ὁδοιπορεῖν.
"And in winter one ought to walk quickly, but in summer to keep quiet, unless one is walking through burning heat." [q.2] He teaches how one ought to walk in each of the seasons: choosing in winter a walk that dries and warms, but in summer making the opposite target, or, he says, not to walk under the sun.
τηνικαῦτα γὰρ ἐπείγεσθαι χρὴ θᾶττον ἀπαλλαγῆναι τῆς γιγνομένης κατὰ τὴν τοιαύτην ὁδοιπορίαν ξηρότητός τε καὶ θερμότητος ἐν τῷ σώματι.
For at such times one must hurry to be released more quickly from the dryness and heat that arise in the body during such a journey.
"Δεῖ δὲ καὶ τοὺς μὲν σαρκώδεας θᾶττον ὁδοιπορέειν, τοὺς δὲ ἰσχνοὺς ἡσυχέστερον.
"And those who are fleshy ought to walk more quickly, but the lean more quietly.
λουτροῖσι δὲ χρὴ πολλοῖσι χρέεσθαι τοῦ θέρεος, τοῦ δὲ χειμῶνος ἐλάσσοσι.
And one should use many baths in summer, but fewer in winter.
χρὴ δὲ τοὺς στρυφνοὺς μᾶλλον λούεσθαι τῶν σαρκωδέων. "[q. 3]
Ἡ ταχεῖα κίνησις τὴν θερμασίαν ἐπὶ πλεῖον αὐξάνουσα τήκει τὸ σῶμα. κατὰ δὲ τὰς βραχείας κινήσεις ἡ σύμμε-τρος θερμασία καὶ τὴν αἱμάτωσιν καὶ τὴν θρέψιν ἐργάζε-ται βελτίονα καὶ διὰ τοῦτο συναίρεται τοῖς ζώοις εἰς εὐτρο-φίαν.
And the firm ought to bathe more than the fleshy." [q.3] Quick movement, by increasing the heat further, melts the body. But in slow movements, the moderate heat makes both blood-making and nutrition better, and because of this contributes to the good nourishment of animals.
"Ἠμφιέσθαι δὲ χρὴ τοῦ μὲν χειμῶνος καθαρὰ ἱμάτια, τοῦ δὲ θέρεος ἐλαιοπινέα. "[q. 4]
Τὶ μὲν συνετώτερον ἐπενόησεν ὁ γράψας τοῦ τοῖς ἐξη-γηταῖς εἰρημένου πᾶσιν αὐτὸς ἂν εἰδείη.
"And in winter one should wear clean garments, but in summer oil-dirty ones." [q.4] Whether the writer conceived of something wiser than what has been said by all the commentators, he himself would know.
εἰ δὲ τὰ μὲν καθαρὰ διὰ τὸ μᾶλλον θερμαίνειν ἢ καὶ τὸ τὰς διαπνοὰς μὴ κωλύειν ἀξιοῖ τοῦ χειμῶνος ἀμφιέννυσθαι, τὰ δὲ ἐλαιο-πινῆ τοῦ θέρους ἢ διὰ τὸ ψύχειν ἢ τὰς διαπνοὰς ἀπο-φράττειν, οὐκ ἐπαινῶ τὸν λόγον.
But if he thinks that clean garments should be worn in winter because they warm more or because they do not hinder respiration, and oil-dirty ones in summer either because they cool or because they block respiration, I do not praise the argument.
καὶ γὰρ τῶν καθαρῶν ἱματίων ὅσα πυκνὴν ἔχει τὴν ὑφὴν, καὶ μάλιστα δὲ ἂν ᾖ τριβακὰ, ψύχει, τούτων οὖν ἄμεινον χρῆσθαι.
For even of clean garments, those that have a thick weave, and especially if they are worn out, cool, and therefore it is better to use these.
τὰ γὰρ ἐλαιο-πινῆ ῥυπαρὰ πάντως ἐστίν.
For oil-dirty ones are altogether filthy.
οὐδεὶς δὲ τῶν καθαρείων ἀν-θρώπων ἀνέχεται ῥυπαρῶν ἱματίων καὶ μάλιστα θέρους.
And no clean person tolerates filthy garments, especially in summer.
καὶ μέντοι θερμαίνει χρονίσαντα τὰ ἐλαιοπινῆ μᾶλλον τῶν κα-θαρῶν, εἰ καὶ κατὰ τὴν πρώτην πρόπτωσιν εἴη ψυχρό-τατα.
Moreover, oil-dirty ones, when worn for a time, warm more than clean ones, even if they are very cold at the first application.
"Τοὺς δὲ παχέας χρὴ καὶ ὅσοι βούλονται λεπτοὶ γενέσθαι τὰς ταλαιπωρίας ἁπάσας νήστιας ἐόντας ποιέεσθαι καὶ τοῖσι σιτίοισιν ἐπιχειρέειν ἔτι ἀσθμαίνοντας καὶ μὴ ἀνεψυγμένους καὶ προπεπωκότας οἶνον κεκραμένον καὶ μὴ σφόδρα ψυχρόν.
"And those who are fat, and as many as wish to become lean, should perform all their labors while fasting, and set to their food while still panting and not cooled down, having previously drunk mixed wine that is not very cold.
καὶ τὰ ὄψα σκευάζειν σησάμοισιν ἢ ἡδύσμασι καὶ τοῖσιν ἄλλοισι τοιουτοτρόποισι.
And they should prepare their side-dishes with sesame or seasonings and other such things.
καὶ πίονα δὲ ἔστω τὰ προσαγόμενα ὄψα, οὕτω γὰρ ἂν ἀπό γε ἐλα-χίστων πεμμάτων ἐνεμπίπλανται. "[q. 5]
And let the served side-dishes be fat, for in this way they would be filled from the very least food." [q.5]