§1## ΓΑΛΗΝΟΥ ΠΕΡΙ ΤΥΠΩΝ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ
Πολλῶν πλατυτέρω ὑπὲρ τῆς περὶ τύπων θεωρίας πεπραγματευμένων, ἀναγκαῖον ἡγησάμην αὐτὸς ὁριστικώτερον καὶ κατὰ περιγραφὴν ἐπιδραμεῖν ταῦτα, οὕτως εὐκαταρίθμητον καὶ εὐκαταμάθητον οἰόμενος τοῖς νεωστὶ προσιοῦσι τῇ τέχνῃ τὸ πρᾶγμα, ὄν τε ἁπλοῦν καὶ μετὰ τὴν ἁπλουστέραν κατάληψιν εὐκολώτερον, καὶ καθάπερ ἐξ ἑτοίμου τοῖς πολλοῖς ἐντυγχάνον.
GALEN'S BOOK ON TYPES Since many have treated the theory of types rather broadly, I myself deemed it necessary to run over these matters more definitively and by way of outline, thinking that in this way the subject would be easy to count and easy to learn for those who have recently approached the art, as it is simple and, after a simpler comprehension, easier, and meeting most people as if readily at hand.
ἀρκτέον δ’ ἐντεῦθεν.
And we must begin from here.
§2Τύπος ἐστὶ τάξις ἐπιτάσεως καὶ ἀνέσεως· περίοδος δέ ἐστι χρόνος ἐπιτάσεως καὶ ἀνέσεως ἐν νοσήμασι γενόμενος.
A type is an order of exacerbation and remission; and a period is the time of exacerbation and remission occurring in diseases.
ὀλίγα τῶν παθῶν οὐ τυποῦνται, ὡς ἀτροφία, παράλυσις, καὶ ἐλεφαντίασις, καὶ τὰ τούτοις ἀνάλογα· τὰ πλείονα δὲ τῶν παθῶν τυποῦνται μὲν, ἀλλὰ σπανιώτερον· πάντων δὲ μάλιστα πυρετοὶ τυποῦνται, δίχα τῶν συνεχῶν τῶν διηνεκῶν λεγομένων ἢ τῶν ἀτάκτων.
A few of the diseases do not show a type, such as atrophy, paralysis, and elephantiasis, and those analogous to these; but the majority of diseases are typed, though more rarely; and of all, fevers are typed most of all, apart from those called continuous and uninterrupted, or the irregular ones.
§3Τῶν τύπων οἱ μέν εἰσι πρῶτοι, οἱ δὲ δεύτεροι· καὶ οἱ μὲν ἑστῶτες, οἱ δὲ κινούμενοι· καὶ πάλιν οἱ μέν εἰσιν ἁπλοῖ, οἱ δὲ σύνθετοι.
Of the types, some are primary, and others secondary; and some are stationary, and others moving; and again, some are simple, and others composite.
πρῶτοι μὲν οὖν εἰσιν οἱ μικρὰν μὲν ἔχοντες τὴν ἐπισημασίαν, μακρὰν δὲ τὴν ἄνεσιν, οἱ τριταῖοί τε καὶ τεταρταῖοι· δεύτεροι δὲ οἱ μακρὰν μὲν ἔχοντες τὴν ἐπισημασίαν, μικρὰν δὲ τὴν ἄνεσιν, οἷος ὁ ἀμφημερινὸς καὶ ὁ παρεκτεταμένος ἡμιτριταῖος.
Primary indeed, then, are those having a short onset but a long remission, such as tertian and quartan fevers; and secondary are those having a long onset but a short remission, such as the quotidian and the prolonged semitertian.
τῶν δὲ παρεκτεταμένων οὗτος μόνος ἐξηλλαγμένος παρὰ τοῖς παλαιοῖς ὠνόμασται.
Of the prolonged ones, this one alone was named "extraordinary" by the ancients.
ἑστῶτες δέ εἰσιν οἱ ἐν ταῖς αὐταῖς ὥραις ἐπισημαίνοντες καὶ ἀνιέντες· κινούμενοι δὲ οἱ ἀεὶ ἄλλαις ὥραις ἐπισημαίνοντες· ὧν οἱ μὲν φθάσαντες καὶ προδόντες τὰς ὥρας τάχιον προληπτικοὶ λέγονται, οἱ δὲ βραδύνοντες ὑστερητικοι.
Stationary are those showing onsets and remissions at the same hours; and moving are those always showing onsets at other hours; of which those anticipating and advancing the hours earlier are called anticipating, and those delaying are called postponing.
ἁπλοῖ δέ εἰσιν οἱ μίαν ἐπίτασιν ποιούμενοι· σύνθετοι δὲ οἱ ἐκ πλειόνων ἐπισημασιῶν καὶ ἀνέσεων συνεστῶτες.
Simple are those making a single exacerbation; and composite are those consisting of several onsets and remissions.
τῶν δὲ συνθέτων οἱ μὲν ἐξ ὁμογενῶν συνίστανται, οἱ δὲ ἐξ ἑτερογενῶν.
Of the composite ones, some consist of homogeneous elements, and others of heterogeneous ones.
ἐξ ὁμογενῶν μὲν, ὅταν ἀμφημερινὸς, λόγου δὲ χάριν ἁπλοῦς διπλῷ ἀμφημερινῷ συμπλέκηται, ἢ τριταῖοι διπλοῖ, ἢ τρεῖς τριταῖοι τυγχάνωσιν, ἢ πάλιν δύο καὶ τρεῖς τεταρταῖοι· ἐξ ἑτερογενῶν δὲ, ὅταν ἀμφημερινὸς λόγου χάριν τριταίῳ συμπλακῇ, ἢ τριταῖος τεταρταίῳ, ἢ ἄλλῳ τινὶ τῶν μὴ τοῦ αὐτοῦ γένους ὄντων.
Of homogeneous elements, when, for example, a simple quotidian is coupled with a double quotidian, or double tertians, or three tertians happen to occur, or again two or three quartans; of heterogeneous elements, when, for example, a quotidian is coupled with a tertian, or a tertian with a quartan, or with some other of those not being of the same genus.