Humanitext Reader

Herodotus · Histories §2.148.1-2.148.7

The Egyptian Labyrinth Built by the Twelve Kings

Passage 370 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

Herodotus describes the massive labyrinth built in common by the twelve kings of Egypt near Lake Moeris. He marvels at its size and complexity, which surpass any Greek monuments or even the pyramids, and recounts his awe at the above-ground chambers while noting that he was barred from the underground chambers due to the presence of royal and sacred crocodile tombs.

§2.148.1καὶ δή σφι μνημόσυνα ἔδοξε λιπέσθαι κοινῇ, δόξαν δέ σφι ἐποιήσαντο λαβύρινθον, ὀλίγον ὑπὲρ τῆς λίμνης τῆς Μοίριος κατὰ Κροκοδείλων καλεομένην πόλιν μάλιστά κῃ κείμενον· τὸν ἐγὼ ἤδη εἶδον λόγου μέζω.
And indeed they resolved to leave behind a monument in common, and having so resolved they made a labyrinth, situated a little above Lake Moeris, roughly opposite the city called the City of Crocodiles; which I myself saw, and it is beyond description.
§2.148.2εἰ γάρ τις τὰ ἐξ Ἑλλήνων τείχεά τε καὶ ἔργων ἀπόδεξιν συλλογίσαιτο, ἐλάσσονος πόνου τε ἂν καὶ δαπάνης φανείη ἐόντα τοῦ λαβυρίνθου τούτου.
For if one should gather together the walls and displays of works of the Greeks, they would appear to be of less labor and expense than this labyrinth.
καίτοι ἀξιόλογός γε καὶ ὁ ἐν Ἐφέσῳ ἐστὶ νηὸς καὶ ὁ ἐν Σάμῳ.
And yet, the temple in Ephesus is indeed noteworthy, as is the one in Samos.
§2.148.3ἦσαν μέν νυν καὶ αἱ πυραμίδες λόγου μέζονες, καὶ πολλῶν ἑκάστη αὐτέων Ἑλληνικῶν ἔργων καὶ μεγάλων ἀνταξίη, ὁ δὲ δὴ λαβύρινθος καὶ τὰς πυραμίδας ὑπερβάλλει·
The pyramids too were indeed beyond description, and each of them equal in value to many and great Greek works, but the labyrinth actually surpasses even the pyramids.
§2.148.4τοῦ δυώδεκα μὲν εἰσὶ αὐλαὶ κατάστεγοι, ἀντίπυλοι ἀλλήλῃσι, ἓξ μὲν πρὸς βορέω ἓξ δὲ πρὸς νότον τετραμμέναι, συνεχέες· τοῖχος δὲ ἔξωθεν ὁ αὐτός σφεας περιέργει.
Of this there are twelve roofed courts, with gates facing each other, six facing north and six south, continuous; and one and the same wall encloses them from the outside.
οἰκήματα δʼ ἔνεστι διπλᾶ, τὰ μὲν ὑπόγαια τὰ δὲ μετέωρα ἐπʼ ἐκείνοισι, τρισχίλια ἀριθμόν, πεντακοσίων καὶ χιλίων ἑκάτερα.
Inside there are double chambers, some underground and others above ground upon them, three thousand in number, fifteen hundred of each.
§2.148.5τὰ μέν νυν μετέωρα τῶν οἰκημάτων αὐτοί τε ὡρῶμεν διεξιόντες καὶ αὐτοὶ θεησάμενοι λέγομεν, τὰ δὲ αὐτῶν ὑπόγαια λόγοισι ἐπυνθανόμεθα· οἱ γὰρ ἐπεστεῶτες τῶν Αἰγυπτίων δεικνύναι αὐτὰ οὐδαμῶς ἤθελον, φάμενοι θήκας αὐτόθι εἶναι τῶν τε ἀρχὴν τὸν λαβύρινθον τοῦτον οἰκοδομησαμένων βασιλέων καὶ τῶν ἱρῶν κροκοδείλων.
Now, the chambers above ground we ourselves saw as we passed through them, and we speak of them from our own observation; but of the underground ones we learned by hearsay; for the Egyptians in charge were by no means willing to show them, saying that there were the tombs of both the kings who originally built this labyrinth and of the sacred crocodiles.
§2.148.6οὕτω τῶν μὲν κάτω πέρι οἰκημάτων ἀκοῇ παραλαβόντες λέγομεν, τὰ δὲ ἄνω μέζονα ἀνθρωπηίων ἔργων αὐτοὶ ὡρῶμεν· αἵ τε γὰρ διέξοδοι διὰ τῶν στεγέων καὶ οἱ ἑλιγμοὶ διὰ τῶν αὐλέων ἐόντες ποικιλώτατοι θῶμα μυρίον παρείχοντο ἐξ αὐλῆς τε ἐς τὰ οἰκήματα διεξιοῦσι καὶ ἐκ τῶν οἰκημάτων ἐς παστάδας, ἐς στέγας τε ἄλλας ἐκ τῶν παστάδων καὶ ἐς αὐλὰς ἄλλας ἐκ τῶν οἰκημάτων.
Thus, concerning the chambers below we speak from hearsay, but the ones above, greater than human works, we saw ourselves; for the passages through the chambers and the windings through the courts, being highly intricate, offered infinite wonder to those passing from a court into the chambers, and from the chambers into colonnades, and into other chambers from the colonnades, and into other courts from the chambers.
§2.148.7ὀροφὴ δὲ πάντων τούτων λιθίνη κατά περ οἱ τοῖχοι, οἱ δὲ τοῖχοι τύπων ἐγγεγλυμμένων πλέοι, αὐλὴ δὲ ἑκάστη περίστυλος λίθου λευκοῦ ἁρμοσμένου τὰ μάλιστα.
And the roof of all these is of stone, just like the walls, and the walls are full of carved figures, and each court is colonnaded with white stone most perfectly fitted.
τῆς δὲ γωνίης τελευτῶντος τοῦ λαβυρίνθου ἔχεται πυραμὶς τεσσερακοντόργυιος, ἐν τῇ ζῷα μεγάλα ἐγγέγλυπται· ὁδὸς δʼ ἐς αὐτὴν ὑπὸ γῆν πεποίηται.
And at the corner where the labyrinth ends there stands a pyramid of forty fathoms, on which great figures are carved; and a way has been made into it underground.

Notes

  1. §2.148.1δόξαν δέ σφι — An accusative absolute construction using the neuter singular participle δόξαν of the impersonal verb δοκεῖ (it seems good, it is resolved). In Greek, impersonal verbs form their absolute constructions in the accusative rather than the genitive, meaning here 'since it had been resolved by them.'
  2. §2.148.2φανείη ἐόντα — A supplementary participle construction where the neuter plural participle ἐόντα (from εἰμί) agrees with the neuter plural subject τὰ τείχεά τε καὶ ἔργων ἀπόδεξιν, while the verb φανείη (optative of φαίνομαι) is in the singular in accordance with the standard rule for neuter plural subjects. Combined with ἄν, it forms a potential optative ('they would appear to be...').
  3. §2.148.6διεξιόυσι — The Ionic form `διεξιοῦσι` (corresponding to Attic `διεξιοῦσι`), which is the dative plural masculine/neuter present participle of διεξέρχομαι (to pass through). It functions as a dative of interest/reference with the verb `παρείχοντο` ('offered infinite wonder to those who pass through').

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §2.148.1-2.148.7. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.148.1-2.148.7

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