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Herodotus · Histories §1.194.1-1.194.5

Round Leather Boats Transporting Goods to Babylon

Passage 194 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

Describes the unique construction and navigation of the round leather boats from Armenia used for river transport to Babylon, and the system of dismantling them and returning by land with donkeys.

§1.194.1τὸ δὲ ἁπάντων θῶμα μέγιστόν μοι ἐστὶ τῶν ταύτῃ μετά γε αὐτὴν τὴν πόλιν, ἔρχομαι φράσων·
And now I will proceed to tell of that which is to me the greatest wonder of this country, after the city itself.
τὰ πλοῖα αὐτοῖσι ἐστὶ τὰ κατὰ τὸν ποταμὸν πορευόμενα ἐς τὴν Βαβυλῶνα, ἐόντα κυκλοτερέα, πάντα σκύτινα.
The boats they use for going down the river to Babylon are round and entirely made of leather.
§1.194.2ἐπεὰν γὰρ ἐν τοῖσι Ἀρμενίοισι τοῖσι κατύπερθε Ἀσσυρίων οἰκημένοισι νομέας ἰτέης ταμόμενοι ποιήσωνται, περιτείνουσι τούτοισι διφθέρας στεγαστρίδας ἔξωθεν ἐδάφεος τρόπον, οὔτε πρύμνην ἀποκρίνοντες οὔτε πρῴρην συνάγοντες, ἀλλʼ ἀσπίδος τρόπον κυκλοτερέα ποιήσαντες καὶ καλάμης πλήσαντες πᾶν τὸ πλοῖον τοῦτο ἀπιεῖσι κατὰ τὸν ποταμὸν φέρεσθαι, φορτίων πλήσαντες·
For when they have cut willow ribs in the land of the Armenians who dwell above the Assyrians, and have made the frame, they stretch watertight skins over these from the outside in the manner of a hull, neither distinguishing a stern nor drawing in a prow, but making them round like a shield; and having filled the whole boat with straw, and loaded it with cargo, they let it drift down the river.
μάλιστα δὲ βίκους φοινικηίους κατάγουσι οἴνου πλέους.
They carry down chiefly palm-wood casks full of wine.
§1.194.3ἰθύνεται δὲ ὑπό τε δύο πλήκτρων καὶ δύο ἀνδρῶν ὀρθῶν ἑστεώτων, καὶ ὃ μὲν ἔσω ἕλκει τὸ πλῆκτρον ὁ δὲ ἔξω ὠθέει.
The boat is steered by two paddles and two men standing upright, and one of them draws his paddle in while the other pushes it out.
ποιέεται δὲ καὶ κάρτα μεγάλα ταῦτα τὰ πλοῖα καὶ ἐλάσσω· τὰ δὲ μέγιστα αὐτῶν καὶ πεντακισχιλίων ταλάντων γόμον ἔχει.
These boats are made both very large and smaller; and the largest of them has a cargo capacity of even five thousand talents.
ἐν ἑκάστῳ δὲ πλοίῳ ὄνος ζωὸς ἔνεστι, ἐν δὲ τοῖσι μέζοσι πλεῦνες.
In each boat there is a live donkey, and in the larger ones more than one.
§1.194.4ἐπεὰν ὦν ἀπίκωνται πλέοντες ἐς τὴν Βαβυλῶνα καὶ διαθέωνται τὸν φόρτον, νομέας μὲν τοῦ πλοίου καὶ τὴν καλάμην πᾶσαν ἀπʼ ὦν ἐκήρυξαν, τὰς δὲ διφθέρας ἐπισάξαντες ἐπὶ τοὺς ὄνους ἀπελαύνουσι ἐς τοὺς Ἀρμενίους.
So when they have arrived in Babylon by water and have disposed of their cargo, they put the ribs of the boat and all the straw up for auction, but they pack the skins upon the donkeys and drive them back to the Armenians.
§1.194.5ἀνὰ τὸν ποταμὸν γὰρ δὴ οὐκ οἷά τε ἐστὶ πλέειν οὐδενὶ τρόπῳ ὑπὸ τάχεος τοῦ ποταμοῦ· διὰ γὰρ ταῦτα καὶ οὐκ ἐκ ξύλων ποιεῦνται τὰ πλοῖα ἀλλʼ ἐκ διφθερέων.
For it is by no means possible to sail up the river because of the swiftness of the stream; for this reason also they do not make their boats of wood but of skins.
ἐπεὰν δὲ τοὺς ὄνους ἐλαύνοντες ἀπίκωνται ὀπίσω ἐς τοὺς Ἀρμενίους, ἄλλα τρόπῳ τῷ αὐτῷ ποιεῦνται πλοῖα.
And when, driving their donkeys, they have come back to the Armenians, they make other boats in the same manner.

Notes

  1. §1.194.1ἔρχομαι φράσων — The future participle `φράσων` accompanying the verb of motion `ἔρχομαι` expresses purpose or imminent future ("I am going to tell").
  2. §1.194.2ἐδάφεος τρόπον — The accusative `τρόπον` of the noun `τρόπος` functions adverbially to mean "in the manner of." Here it governs the genitive `ἐδάφεος` (Ionian form of ἔδαφος, "bottom/hull"), meaning "in the manner of a hull" or "shaped like a bottom."
  3. §1.194.4ἀπʼ ὦν ἐκήρυξαν — An example of tmesis (separation) in which the conjunction `ὦν` (Ionian equivalent of οὖν) is inserted between the prepositional prefix `ἀπό` and the verb `ἐκήρυξαν` (from ἀποκηρύσσω, "to sell by auction"). Grammatically, it is equivalent to `ἀπεκήρυξαν οὖν` ("they put up for auction, therefore").

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §1.194.1-1.194.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:1.194.1-1.194.5

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