§11πῶς γὰρ οἷόν τε τὸν αὐτὸν αὑτοῦ κρείττονʼ εἶναι καὶ χείρονα ἢ κρατεῖν ἅμα καὶ κρατεῖσθαι, μὴ τρόπον τινὰ διττοῦ πεφυκότος ἑκάστου καὶ τὸ μὲν χεῖρον ἐν ἑαυτῷ τὸ βέλτιον ἔχοντος;
For how is it possible for the same person to be stronger and weaker than himself, or at the same time to rule and be ruled, unless each of us were by nature in some way double, having the worse and the better part within himself?
οὕτω γὰρ ὁ μὲν τοῦ βελτίονος ὑπηκόῳ τῷ χείρονι χρώμενος ἐγκρατὴς ἑαυτοῦ καὶ κρείττων ἐστίν, ὁ δὲ τῷ ἀκολάστῳ καὶ ἀλόγῳ τῆς ψυχῆς ἑπόμενον περιορῶν καὶ ὑπηρετοῦν τὸ κρεῖττον ἥττων ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἀκρατὴς λέγεται καὶ παρὰ φύσιν διακείμενος.
For in this way, he who uses the worse as subject to the better is master of himself and stronger than himself, while he who permits the better part to follow and serve the licentious and irrational part of the soul is called weaker than himself and incontinent, and is in a state contrary to nature.
φύσει γὰρ προσήκει θεῖον ὄντα τὸν λογισμὸν ἡγεῖσθαι καὶ ἄρχειν τοῦ ἀλόγου, τοῦ τὴν γένεσιν αὐτόθεν ἔχοντος ἐκ τοῦ σώματος· ᾧ καὶ συνεξομοιοῦσθαι καὶ κοινωνεῖν παθῶν καὶ ἀναπίμπλασθαι πέφυκεν, ἐνδεδυκὸς αὐτῷ καὶ καταμεμιγμένον, ὡς δηλοῦσιν αἱ ὁρμαὶ πρὸς τὰ σωματικὰ κινούμεναι καὶ ἱστάμεναι καὶ σφοδρότητας ἐν ταῖς τοῦ σώματος μεταβολαῖς καὶ ἀνέσεις λαμβάνουσαι.
For by nature it is fitting that reason, being divine, should lead and rule the irrational part, which has its origin directly from the body; with which the irrational part, having entered into it and being mixed with it, is by nature disposed to assimilate, to share its passions, and to be infected by it, as is shown by the impulses moving and resting toward bodily things, and receiving intensities and relaxations in the changes of the body.
διὸ νέοι μὲν καὶ ὀξεῖς καὶ ἰταμοὶ περί τε τὰς ὀρέξεις διάπυροι καὶ οἰστρώδεις αἵματος πλήθει καὶ θερμότητι, τῶν δὲ πρεσβυτῶν ἡ περὶ τὸ ἧπαρ ἀρχὴ τοῦ ἐπιθυμητικοῦ κατασβέννυται καὶ γίγνεται μικρὰ καὶ ἀσθενής· ἰσχύει δὲ μᾶλλον ὁ λόγος τοῦ παθητικοῦ τῷ σώματι συναπομαραινομένου.
Therefore, the young are active, swift, and impetuous, and passionate and frantic regarding desires because of the abundance and heat of their blood, while in the old, the principle of desire around the liver is extinguished and becomes small and weak; and reason is stronger as the passionate part decays together with the body.
τοῦτο δʼ ἀμέλει καὶ τὰς τῶν θηρίων ἠθοποιεῖ πρὸς τὰ πάθη φύσεις οὐ γὰρ ὀρθότητι δοξῶν οὐδὲ φαυλότητι δήπου τοῖς μὲν ἀλκαὶ καὶ ὁρμαὶ πρὸς τὰ φαινόμενα δεινὰ παρίστανται, τοῖς δʼ ἀμήχανοι πτοῖαι καὶ φόβοι τῆς ψυχῆς· ἀλλʼ αἱ περὶ τὸ αἷμα καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ τὸ σῶμα δυνάμεις τὰς τῶν παθῶν διαφορὰς ποιοῦσιν, ὥσπερ ἐκ ῥίζης τοῦ παθητικοῦ τῆς σαρκὸς ἀναβλαστάνοντος καὶ συναναφέροντος τὴν ποιότητα καὶ τὴν κρᾶσιν.
This indeed, without doubt, also shapes the characters of beasts in relation to passions; for it is surely not by correctness of opinions nor by badness that courage and impulses toward apparent dangers arise in some, while in others, helpless panics and fears of the soul occur; but the capacities concerning the blood, the breath, and the body produce the differences in the passions, as if the passionate part sprouted from the flesh as from a root, and brought up with it its quality and temperament.
τοῦ δʼ ἀνθρώπου ταῖς μὲν παθητικαῖς ὁρμαῖς τὸ σῶμα συμπαθοῦν καὶ συγκινούμενον ἐλέγχουσιν ὠχρότητες ἐρυθήματα τρόμοι πηδήσεις καρδίας, διαχύσεις αὖ πάλιν ἐν ἐλπίσιν ἡδονῶν καὶ προσδοκίαις ὅταν δὲ μὴ μετὰ πάθους ἀλλʼ αὐτὸ καθʼ αὑτὸ κινῆται τὸ διανοητικόν, ἡσυχίαν ἄγει τὸ σῶμα καὶ καθέστηκεν οὔτε κοινωνοῦν οὔτε μετέχον αὐτὸ τῆς ἐνεργείας τοῦ φρονοῦντος, εἰ τοῦ παθητικοῦ μὴ συνεφάπτοιτο μηδὲ συμπαραλαμβάνοι τὸ ἄλογον ὥστε καὶ τούτῳ δύʼ ὄντα καὶ διαφέροντα δηλοῦσθαι ταῖς δυνάμεσιν ἀλλήλων.
And in the case of man, that the body sympathizes with and is moved together with the passionate impulses is proved by paleness, blushing, trembling, palpitations of the heart, and again, relaxations in hopes and expectations of pleasures; but when the intellectual part moves not with passion but by itself, the body remains at rest and quiet, neither sharing nor participating in the activity of the thinking part, if the irrational part does not associate with or bring in the passionate part; so that by this also, they are shown to be two and differing from one another in their capacities.