§12καθόλου δὲ τῶν ὄντων αὐτοὶ τέ φασι καὶ δῆλόν ἐστιν, ὅτι τὰ μὲν ἕξει διοικεῖται τὰ δὲ φύσει τὰ δʼ ἀλόγῳ ψυχῇ, τὰ δὲ καὶ λόγον ἐχούσῃ καὶ διάνοιαν·
In general, among existing things, as they themselves say and is clear, some are governed by habit, some by nature, others by an irrational soul, and still others by one possessing reason and intellect.
ὧν ὁμοῦ τι πάντων ὁ ἄνθρωπος μετέσχηκε καὶ γέγονεν ἐν πάσαις ταῖς εἰρημέναις διαφοραῖς· καὶ γὰρ ἕξει συνέχεται καὶ φύσει τρέφεται καὶ λόγῳ χρῆται καὶ διανοίᾳ.
In almost all of these, man has a share and has come to be in all the aforementioned differences; for he is held together by habit, nourished by nature, and uses reason and intellect.
μέτεστιν οὖν αὐτῷ καὶ τοῦ ἀλόγου, καὶ σύμφυτον ἔχει τὴν τοῦ πάθους ἀρχήν, οὐκ ἐπεισόδιον ἀλλʼ ἀναγκαίαν οὖσαν, οὐδʼ ἀναιρετέαν παντάπασιν ἀλλὰ θεραπείας καὶ παιδαγωγίας δεομένην.
Therefore, he has a share also in the irrational, and has the principle of passion inborn, which is not accidental but necessary, nor entirely to be destroyed, but requiring care and education.
ὅθεν οὐ Θρᾴκιον οὐδὲ Λυκούργειον τοῦ λόγου τὸ ἔργον ἐστί, συνεκκόπτειν καὶ συνδιαφθείρειν τὰ ὠφέλιμα τοῖς βλαβεροῖς τοῦ πάθους, ἀλλʼ ᾗπερ ὁ φυτάλμιος θεὸς καὶ ἡμερίδης, τὸ ἄγριον κολοῦσαι καὶ ἀφελεῖν τὴν ἀμετρίαν, εἶτα τιθασεύειν καὶ περιίστασθαι τὸ χρήσιμον.
Hence the work of reason is not Thracian or Lycurgean, to cut down and destroy along with the harmful the useful parts of passion, but as the god of growth and cultivation does, to prune the wild and remove the excess, and then to domesticate and direct what is useful.
οὔτε γὰρ οἶνον οἱ φοβούμενοι τὸ μεθύειν ἐκχέουσιν οὔτε πάθος οἱ δεδιότες τὸ ταρακτικὸν ἀναιροῦσιν ἀλλὰ κεραννύουσι.
For those who fear drunkenness do not pour out the wine, nor do those who dread the turbulent destroy passion, but they mix it.
καὶ γὰρ καὶ βοῶν καὶ ἵππων τὰ πηδήματα καὶ τοὺς ἀφηνιασμοὺς οὐ τὰς κινήσεις οὐδὲ τὰς ἐνεργείας ἀφαιροῦσι· καὶ τοῖς πάθεσι δεδαμασμένοις χρῆται καὶ χειροήθεσιν ὁ λογισμός, οὐκ ἐκνευρίσας οὐδʼ ἐκτεμὼν παντάπασι τῆς ψυχῆς τὸ ὑπηρετικὸν· "ὑφʼ ἅρμασι γὰρ ἵππος"
ὥς φησι Πίνδαρος
"
ἐν δʼ ἀρότρῳ βοῦς· κάπρῳ δὲ βουλεύοντα φόνον κύνα χρὴ τλάθυμον ἐξευρεῖν. "
ὧν πολὺ χρησιμώτερα τὰ τῶν παθῶν θρέμματα τῷ λογισμῷ συμπαρόντα καὶ συνεπιτείνοντα ταῖς ἀρεταῖς· ὁ θυμὸς τῇ ἀνδρείᾳ μέτριος ὤν, ἡ μισοπονηρία τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ, καὶ ἡ νέμεσις ἐπὶ τοὺς παρʼ ἀξίαν εὐτυχοῦντας, ὅταν ἅμʼ ἀνοίᾳ καὶ ὕβρει φλεγόμενοι τὴν ψυχὴν ἐπισχέσεως δέωνται.
For indeed, they do not take away the jumps and rebellions of oxen and horses, but only their wild movements and activities; and reason uses passions when they are tamed and submissive, without having completely unnerved or cut out the servant part of the soul; "For under the yoke is the horse," as Pindar says, "and in the plow is the ox; and for the boar, one must find a stout-hearted dog planning death." Of these, much more useful are the breed of passions when they are present with reason and cooperate with the virtues: anger, when moderate, with courage; hatred of evil with justice; and righteous indignation against those who prosper undeservedly, when, burning in soul with folly and insolence, they stand in need of restraint.
φιλίας δὲ φιλοστοργίαν ἢ φιλανθρωπίας ἔλεον ἢ τὸ συγχαίρειν καὶ συναλγεῖν εὐνοίας ἀληθινῆς οὐδὲ βουλόμενος ἄν τις ἀποσπάσειεν οὐδʼ ἀποτήξειεν.
And from friendship, no one, even if he wished, could tear away or melt out natural affection, or pity from philanthropy, or sharing in joy and sorrow from true goodwill.
εἰ δʼ οἱ τὸν ἔρωτα τῇ ἐρωτομανίᾳ συνεκβάλλοντες ἁμαρτάνουσιν, οὐδʼ οἱ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν διὰ τὴν φιλαργυρίαν ψέγοντες κατορθοῦσιν ἀλλʼ ὅμοιόν τι πράττουσι τοῖς τὸ τρέχειν διὰ τὸ προσπταίειν καὶ τὸ βάλλειν διὰ τὸ ὑπερβάλλειν ἀναιροῦσι, καὶ πρὸς τὸ ᾄδειν τὸ παράπαν διὰ τὸ ἀπᾴδειν ἀπεχθῶς ἔχουσιν.
And if those who cast out love along with love-madness err, neither do those who blame desire because of love of money act rightly, but they do something similar to those who abolish running because of stumbling, and throwing because of overshooting, and are hostile altogether to singing because of singing out of tune.
οἷον γὰρ ἐν φθόγγοις μουσικὴ τὸ ἐμμελὲς οὐκ ἀναιρέσει βαρύτητος καὶ ὀξύτητος, ἐν δὲ σώμασιν ἰατρικὴ τὸ ὑγιεινὸν οὐ φθορᾷ θερμότητος καὶ ψυχρότητος, ἀλλὰ συμμετρίαις καὶ ποσότησι κραθεισῶν ἀπεργάζεται, τοιοῦτον ἐν ψυχῇ τὸ νικῶν, ἐγγενομένης ὑπὸ λόγου ταῖς παθητικαῖς δυνάμεσι καὶ κινήσεσιν ἐπιεικείας καὶ μετριότητος.
For just as in musical notes, music produces harmony, not by destroying the low and high pitches, but by mixing them in due proportions and quantities, and in bodies, medicine produces health, not by the destruction of heat and cold, but by blending them in symmetry and quantities; such is the case in the soul when the dominant part prevails, moderation and measure being produced by reason in the passionate powers and movements.
οἰδοῦντι γὰρ ἔοικε καὶ φλεγμαίνοντι σώματι τὸ περιαλγοῦν καὶ περιχαρὲς καὶ περίφοβον τῆς ψυχῆς, οὐ τὸ χαῖρον οὐδὲ τὸ λυπούμενον οὐδὲ τὸ φοβούμενον.
For the soul that is excessively pained, excessively joyful, or excessively fearful is like a swollen and inflamed body, not the soul that simply rejoices, grieves, or fears.
καὶ καλῶς Ὅμηρος εἰπών
"
τοῦ δʼ ἀγαθοῦ οὔτʼ ἂρ τρέπεται χρὼς οὔτε τι λίην
ταρβεῖ
"
τὸν φόβον οὐκ ἀφεῖλεν ἀλλὰ τὸν ἄγαν φόβον, ὅπως ἀνδρεία μὴ ἀπόνοια καὶ θαρραλεότης μὴ θρασύτης γένηται.
And Homer said well: "And of the good man, neither does his color change, nor does he fear too much," he did not take away fear, but excess of fear, so that courage might not become madness and boldness might not become rashness.
διὸ καὶ περὶ τὰς ἡδονὰς τὴν ἄγαν ἀφαιρετέον ἐπιθυμίαν καὶ περὶ τὰς ἀμύνας τὴν ἄγαν μισοπονηρίαν οὕτω γὰρ ὁ μὲν οὐκ ἀνάλγητος ἀλλὰ σώφρων, ὁ δὲ δίκαιος οὐκ ὠμὸς οὐδὲ πικρὸς ἔσται.
Therefore, regarding pleasures we must remove excessive desire, and regarding punishments, excessive hatred of evil; for thus the former will be not insensible but temperate, and the latter just, not cruel or bitter.
τῶν δὲ παθῶν παντάπασιν ἀναιρεθέντων, εἰ καὶ δυνατόν ἐστιν, ἐν πολλοῖς ἀργότερος; ὁ λόγος καὶ ἀμβλύτερος, ὥσπερ κυβερνήτης, πνεύματος ἐπιλιπόντος.
But if passions were completely destroyed, even if it were possible, in many things reason would be more idle and dull, like a pilot when the wind fails.
ταῦτα δʼ ἀμέλει καὶ οἱ νομοθέται συνιδόντες ἐμβάλλουσιν εἰς τὰς πολιτείας καὶ φιλοτιμίαν καὶ ζῆλον πρὸς ἀλλήλους· πρὸς δὲ τοὺς πολεμίους καὶ σάλπιγξι καὶ αὐλοῖς ἐπεγείρουσι καὶ αὔξουσι τὸ θυμοειδὲς καὶ μάχιμον.
This indeed, without doubt, the legislators also saw, and introduced into states ambition and emulation towards one another; and against enemies, they arouse and increase the spirited and warlike element with trumpets and flutes.
οὐ γὰρ μόνον ἐν ποιήμασιν, φησιν ὁ Πλάτων, τὸν τεχνίτην καὶ διηκριβωμένον ὁ μουσόληπτος καὶ κατάσχετος ἀποδείκνυσι γελοῖον, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ τὰς μάχας τὸ παθητικὸν καὶ τὸ ἐνθουσιῶδες ἀνυπόστατόν ἐστι καὶ ἀήττητον· ὃ καὶ τοὺς θεοὺς Ὅμηρος ἐμποιεῖν φησι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις,
"ὣς εἰπὼν ἔμπνευσε μένος μέγα ποιμένι λαῶν· "
καὶ
"οὐχ ὃ γʼ ἄνευθε θεοῦ τάδε μαίνεται· "
καθάπερ ὅρμημα τῷ λογισμῷ καὶ ὄχημα τὸ πάθος προστιθέντας.
For not only in poems, as Plato says, does the one inspired by the Muses and possessed make the skilled and precise artist appear ridiculous, but also in battles, the passionate and enthusiastic element is irresistible and undefeated; which Homer says the gods instill in men: "So speaking, he breathed great strength into the shepherd of the peoples," and "Not without a god does he rage thus," as if adding passion to reason as an impulse and a vehicle.
αὐτούς γε μὴν τούτους ὁρᾶν ἔστι πολλάκις μὲν ἐπαίνοις τοὺς νέους παρορμῶντας πολλάκις δὲ νουθεσίαις κολάζοντας· ὧν τῷ μὲν ἕπεται τὸ ἥδεσθαι τῷ δὲ τὸ λυπεῖσθαι· καὶ γὰρ ἡ νουθεσία καὶ ὁ ψόγος ἐμποιεῖ μετάνοιαν καὶ αἰσχύνην, ὧν τὸ μὲν λύπη τῷ γένει τὸ δὲ φόβος ἐστί· καὶ τούτοις μάλιστα χρῶνται πρὸς τὰς ἐπανορθώσεις.
Indeed, one can see these very legislators often urging on the young with praises, and often correcting them with admonitions; of which, to the former follows pleasure, and to the latter pain; for admonition and blame produce repentance and shame, of which the former is in its genus pain, and the latter fear; and they use these especially for corrections.
ᾗ καὶ Διογένης, ἐπαινουμένου Πλάτωνος,
τί δʼ ἐκεῖνος
εἶπεν
ἔχει σεμνόν, ὃς τοσοῦτον χρόνον φιλοσοφῶν οὐδένα λελύπηκεν
οὐ γὰρ οὕτω τὰ μαθήματα φαίη τις ἄν, ὡς ἔλεγε Ξενοκράτης, λαβὰς εἶναι φιλοσοφίας, ὡς τὰ πάθη τῶν νέων, αἰσχύνην ἐπιθυμίαν μετάνοιαν ἡδονὴν λύπην φιλοτιμίαν ὧν ἐμμελῆ καὶ σωτήριον ἁφὴν ἁπτόμενος ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ νόμος εἰς τὴν προσήκουσαν ὁδὸν ἀνυσίμως καθίστησι τὸν νέον.
Wherefore Diogenes also, when Plato was praised, said: "What is there noble about him, who, practicing philosophy for so long, has pained no one?" For one would not say that studies are, as Xenocrates said, the handles of philosophy, as much as the passions of the young are: shame, desire, repentance, pleasure, pain, ambition; touching which with a harmonious and salutary touch, reason and law effectively set the youth on the proper path.
ὥστε μὴ κακῶς εἰπεῖν τὸν Λάκωνα παιδαγωγόν, ὅτι ποιήσει τὸν παῖδα τοῖς καλοῖς ἣδεσθαι καὶ ἄχθεσθαι τοῖς αἰσχροῖς, οὗ μεῖζον οὐδέν ἐστιν οὐδὲ κάλλιον ἀποφῆναι τέλος ἐλευθέρῳ προσηκούσης; παιδείας.
So that the Spartan tutor did not speak badly when he said that he would make the boy rejoice in what is beautiful and grieve at what is shameful, than which there is no greater or more beautiful end to exhibit of an education fitting for a free man.