§10ἀκολουθεῖ δὲ τούτοις τὸ περὶ τῶν προβλημάτων παράγγελμα.
Following these is the instruction concerning problems.
δεῖ γὰρ τὸν ἐπὶ δεῖπνον ἥκοντα τοῖς παρακειμένοις χρῆσθαι καὶ μηδὲν αἰτεῖν ἄλλο μηδʼ ἐξελέγχειν ὁ δʼ ἐπὶ λόγων ἀφιγμένος ἑστίασιν, ἂν μὲν ἐπὶ ῥητοῖς, ἀκροάσθω σιωπῇ τοῦ λέγοντος οἱ γὰρ εἰς ἄλλας ὑποθέσεις ἐξάγοντες καὶ παρεμβάλλοντες ἐρωτήματα καὶ προσδιαποροῦντες, οὐχ ἡδεῖς οὐδʼ εὐσυνάλλακτοι πρὸς ἀκρόασιν ὄντες, ὠφελοῦνται μὲν οὐδέν, τὸν δὲ λέγοντα καὶ τὸν λόγον ὁμοῦ συνταράττουσιν·
For he who has come to a dinner must use what is set before him and ask for nothing else nor criticize it; on the other hand, he who has arrived at a feast of discourse, if indeed it is on prearranged topics, must listen in silence to the speaker. For those who draw out the discussion to other subjects and interpose questions and raise further difficulties, being neither pleasant nor easy to deal with in listening, receive no benefit themselves, and at the same time throw both the speaker and the discourse into confusion.
ὅταν δὲ τοὺς ἀκούοντας ὁ λέγων ἐρωτᾶν καὶ προβάλλειν κελεύσῃ, χρήσιμόν τι δεῖ καὶ ἀναγκαῖον ἀεὶ προβάλλοντα φαίνεσθαι.
But when the speaker bids the listeners ask questions and propose topics, one must always appear to propose something useful and necessary.
ὁ μὲν γὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς καταγελᾶται παρὰ τοῖς μνηστῆρσιν
"
αἰτίζων ἀκόλους, οὐκ ἄορας οὐδὲ λέβητας· "
μεγαλοψυχίας γὰρ ἡγοῦνται σημεῖον, ὡς τὸ διδόναι τι τῶν μεγάλων, καὶ τὸ αἰτεῖν.
For Odysseus is mocked among the suitors "begging for crusts of bread, not swords or cauldrons; "for they consider requesting, just like giving something great, to be a sign of high-mindedness.
μᾶλλον δʼ ἄν τις ἀκροατοῦ καταγελάσειεν εἰς μικρὰ καὶ γλίσχρα προβλήματα τὸν διαλεγόμενον κινοῦντος, οἷα τερθρευόμενοί τινες τῶν νέων καὶ παρεπιδεικνύμενοι διαλεκτικὴν ἢ μαθηματικὴν ἕξιν εἰώθασι προβάλλειν περὶ τῆς τῶν ἀορίστων τομῆς, καὶ τίς ἡ κατὰ πλευρὰν ἢ κατὰ διάμετρον κίνησις.
But one would mock even more a listener who stirs up the speaker into small and petty problems, such as some of the young men, playing the sophist and displaying a dialectical or mathematical habit, are accustomed to propose concerning the division of indeterminate things, and what is the motion along the side or along the diagonal.
πρὸς οὓς ἔστιν εἰπεῖν τὸ ὑπὸ Φιλοτίμου πρὸς τὸν ἔμπυον καὶ φθισιῶντα ῥηθέν.
To whom it is possible to say what was said by Philotimus to the man suffering from empyema and consumption.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἐλάλησεν αὐτῷ φαρμάκιον αἰτῶν πρὸς παρωνυχίαν, αἰσθόμενος ἀπὸ τῆς χρόας καὶ τῆς ἀναπνοῆς τὴν διάθεσιν
οὐκ ἔστι σοι
φησὶν
ὦ βέλτιστε περὶ παρωνυχίας ὁ λόγος.
For when he spoke to him, asking for a remedy for a whitlow, Philotimus, perceiving his condition from his complexion and his breathing, said: "It is not about a whitlow, my good friend, that you need to speak.
οὐδέ σοὶ τοίνυν, ὦ νεανία, περὶ τοιούτων ζητημάτων ὥρα σκοπεῖν, ἀλλὰ πῶς οἰήματος καὶ ἀλαζονείας ἐρώτων τε καὶ φλυαρίας ἀπολυθεὶς εἰς βίον ἄτυφον καὶ ὑγιαίνοντα καταστήσεις σαυτόν.
"Neither for you then, young man, is it the hour to look into such questions, but how, having been released from self-conceit and boastfulness, and from passions and foolish talk, you will settle yourself into a life free of vanity and healthy.
§11εὖ μάλα δὲ χρὴ καὶ πρὸς τὴν τοῦ λέγοντος ἐμπειρίαν ἢ φυσικὴν δύναμιν ἡρμοσμένον, ἐν οἷς αὐτὸς ἑαυτοῦ κράτιστός ἐστι, ποιεῖσθαι τὰς ἐρωτήσεις, καὶ μὴ παραβιάζεσθαι τὸν μὲν ἠθικώτερον φιλοσοφοῦντα φυσικὰς ἐπάγοντα καὶ μαθηματικὰς ἀπορίας, τὸν δὲ τοῖς φυσικοῖς σεμνυνόμενον εἰς συνημμένων ἐπικρίσεις ἕλκοντα καὶ ψευδομένων λύσεις.
And one must also make one's questions well adapted to the experience or natural ability of the speaker, in those matters in which he is best, and not force one who philosophizes in a more ethical way by bringing forward physical and mathematical difficulties, nor drag one who prides himself on physics into judgments of hypothetical propositions and solutions of the liar paradox.
ὡς γὰρ ὁ τῇ κλειδὶ τὰ ξύλα σχίζειν τῇ δʼ ἀξίνῃ τὴν θύραν ἀνοίγειν πειρώμενος οὐκ ἐκεῖνα δόξειεν ἂν ἐπηρεάζειν, ἀλλʼ αὑτὸν ἀποστερεῖν τῆς ἑκατέρου χρείας καὶ δυνάμεως, οὕτως οἱ παρὰ τοῦ λέγοντος ὃ μὴ πέφυκε μηδʼ ἤσκηκεν αἰτοῦντες, ὃ δʼ ἔχει καὶ δίδωσι μὴ δρεπόμενοι μηδὲ λαμβάνοντες, οὐ τοῦτο βλάπτονται μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ κακοήθειαν καὶ δυσμένειαν προσοφλισκάνουσι.
For just as he who attempts to split wood with a key and to open a door with an axe would seem not to abuse those tools, but to deprive himself of the use and power of each, so those who demand from the speaker what he is not by nature suited for nor has practiced, while not harvesting nor taking what he has and gives, are not only damaged in this respect, but also incur the reputation of malevolence and hostility.
§12φυλακτέον δὲ καὶ τὸ πολλὰ καὶ πολλάκις αὐτὸν προβάλλειν· ἔστι γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο τρόπον τινὰ παρεπιδεικνυμένου.
One must also guard against proposing many questions and doing so frequently oneself; for this too is, in a way, the mark of one who is showing off.
τὸ δʼ ἑτέρου προτείνοντος ἀκροᾶσθαι μετʼ εὐκολίας φιλόλογον καὶ κοινωνικόν. ἂν μή τι τῶν ἰδίων ἐνοχλῇ καὶ κατεπείγῃ πάθος ἐπισχέσεως δεόμενον ἢ νόσημα παρηγορίας.
On the other hand, to listen with good nature when another proposes is the mark of a lover of learning and a cooperative person, unless some personal passion of one's own is troublesome and urgent, needing restraint, or some disease needing consolation.
τάχα μὲν γὰρ οὐδʼ
ἀμαθίην κρύπτειν ἄμεινον,
ὥς φησιν Ἡράκλειτος, ἀλλʼ εἰς μέσον τιθέναι καὶ θεραπεύειν.
For perhaps indeed it is not "better to hide ignorance, "as Heraclitus says, but to bring it into the open and cure it.
ἂν δʼ ὀργή τις ἢ προσβολὴ δεισιδαιμονίας ἢ διαφορὰ πρὸς οἰκείους σύντονος ἢ περιμανὴς ἐξ ἔρωτος ἐπιθυμία
"
κινοῦσα χορδὰς τὰς ἀκινήτους φρενῶν
"
ἐπιταράξῃ τὴν διάνοιαν, οὐ φευκτέον εἰς ἑτέρους λόγους ἀποδιδράσκοντας τὸν ἔλεγχον, ἀλλὰ περὶ αὐτῶν τούτων ἀκουστέον ἐν ταῖς διατριβαῖς, καὶ μετὰ τὰς διατριβὰς ἰδίᾳ προσιόντας αὐτοὺς καὶ προσανακρίνοντας.
But if some anger, or an assault of superstition, or a sharp disagreement with relatives, or a madly passionate desire arising from love "stirring the unmoved chords of the mind, "disturbs the intellect, one must not flee, escaping the examination into other discourses, but concerning these very things one must listen in the lectures, and after the lectures go to them privately and make further inquiries.
ἀλλὰ μὴ τοὐναντίον, ὥσπερ οἱ πολλοὶ χαίρουσι τοῖς φιλοσόφοις περὶ ἄλλων διαλεγομένοις καὶ θαυμάζουσιν· ἂν δὲ τοὺς ἄλλους ἐάσας ὁ φιλόσοφος αὐτοῖς ἐκείνοις ἰδίᾳ παρρησιάζηται περὶ τῶν διαφερόντων καὶ ὑπομιμνήσκῃ, δυσχεραίνουσι καὶ περίεργον νομίζουσιν.
But one must not do the opposite, as the many rejoice when the philosophers discuss other matters and admire them; but if, leaving the others aside, the philosopher speaks frankly to those very people privately about the things that matter and reminds them, they are displeased and consider it meddlesome.
ἐπιεικῶς γάρ, ὥσπερ τῶν τραγῳδῶν ἐν τοῖς θεάτροις, καὶ τῶν φιλοσόφων ἐν ταῖς σχολαῖς οἴονται δεῖν ἀκούειν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἔξω πράγμασιν οὐδὲν αὐτοὺς ἑαυτῶν διαφέρειν ἡγοῦνται, πρὸς μὲν τοὺς σοφιστὰς εἰκότως τοῦτο πεπονθότες· ἀναστάντες γὰρ ἀπὸ τοῦ θρόνου καὶ ἀποθέμενοι τὰ βιβλία καὶ τὰς εἰσαγωγὰς ἐν τοῖς ἀληθινοῖς τοῦ βίου μέρεσι μικροὶ καὶ ὑπὸ χεῖρα φαίνονται τοῖς πολλοῖς, πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ὄντως φιλοσόφους οὐ καλῶς, ἀγνοοῦντες ὅτι καὶ σπουδὴ καὶ παιδιὰ καὶ νεῦμα καὶ μειδίαμα καὶ σκυθρωπασμὸς αὐτῶν, μάλιστα δʼ ὁ πρὸς ἕκαστον ἰδίᾳ περαινόμενος λόγος ἔχει τινὰ καρπὸν ὠφέλιμον τοῖς ὑπομένειν καὶ προσέχειν ἐθισθεῖσι.
For they think they ought to listen to the philosophers in the schools in the same way, practically, as to the tragic actors in the theaters, but in external matters they think they differ in nothing from themselves, having experienced this with good reason toward the sophists; for when they rise from the chair and put away their books and introductions, in the true parts of life they appear to the many small and under-hand, but toward the true philosophers they are not right, being ignorant that both the seriousness and play, and nod, and smile, and frown of theirs, and most of all the discourse delivered to each privately, has some useful fruit for those who have become accustomed to endure and pay attention.