§13#1δεῖται δὲ καὶ τὸ περὶ τοὺς ἐπαίνους καθῆκον εὐλαβείας τινὸς καὶ μετριότητος διὰ τὸ μήτε τὴν ἔλλειψιν αὐτοῦ μήτε τὴν ὑπερβολὴν ἐλευθέριον εἶναι.
And the fitting behavior concerning praises also requires some caution and moderation, because neither the deficiency nor the excess of it is worthy of a free person.
βαρὺς μὲν γὰρ ἀκροατὴς καὶ φορτικὸς ὁ πρὸς πᾶν ἄτεγκτος καὶ ἀτενὴς τὸ λεγόμενον, οἰήματος ὑπούλου καὶ περιαυτολογίας ἐνδιαθέτου μεστός, ὡς ἔχων τι τῶν λεγομένων βέλτιον εἰπεῖν, μήτʼ ὀφρῦν κατὰ σχῆμα κινῶν μήτε φωνὴν εὐγνώμονος μάρτυρα φιληκοΐας προϊέμενος, ἀλλὰ σιγῇ καὶ βαρύτητι καταπλάστῳ καὶ σχηματισμῷ θηρώμενος δόξαν εὐσταθοῦς καὶ βάθος ἔχοντος ἀνδρός, ὥσπερ χρημάτων τῶν ἐπαίνων ὅσον ἄλλῳ μεταδίδωσιν αὑτοῦ δοκῶν ἀφαιρεῖσθαι.
For a listener who is unbending and intense toward everything that is said, full of secret self-conceit and internal self-glorification, as if he had something better to say than what is being spoken, neither moving his eyebrow in a proper manner nor sending forth a voice as a witness of grateful listening, but hunting for the reputation of a steadfast and deep man by silence and feigned gravity and posturing, as if thinking that he is deprived of as much of his own property as the praise he shares with another—such a listener is unpleasant and troublesome.
πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν οἱ κακῶς καὶ παρὰ μέλος τὴν Πυθαγόρου φωνὴν ὑπολαμβάνοντες.
For there are many who misunderstand Pythagoras's saying in a bad and out-of-tune way.
ἐκεῖνος μὲν γὰρ ἐκ φιλοσοφίας ἔφησεν αὑτῷ περιγεγονέναι τὸ μηδὲν θαυμάζειν· οὗτοι δὲ τὸ μηδὲν ἐπαινεῖν μηδὲ τιμᾶν, ἐν τῷ καταφρονεῖν τιθέμενοι τὸ σεμνὸν καὶ ὑπεροψίᾳ διώκοντες.
For he said that "to wonder at nothing" was the result of philosophy for him; but these people take it to mean "to praise and honor nothing," placing dignity in looking down on things and pursuing arrogance.
ὁ γὰρ φιλόσοφος λόγος τὸ μὲν ἐξ ἀπειρίας καὶ ἀγνοίας θαῦμα καὶ θάμβος ἐξαιρεῖ γνώσει καὶ ἱστορίᾳ τῆς περὶ ἕκαστον αἰτίας, τὸ δʼ εὔκολον καὶ μέτριον καὶ φιλάνθρωπον οὐκ ἀπόλλυσι.
For philosophical discourse removes the wonder and amazement arising from inexperience and ignorance by knowledge and investigation of the cause concerning each thing, but does not destroy the good-natured, moderate, and human-loving disposition.
τοῖς γὰρ ἀληθινῶς καὶ βεβαίως ἀγαθοῖς τιμή τε καλλίστη τὸ τιμῆσαί τινα τῶν ἀξίων, καὶ κόσμος εὐπρεπέστατος τὸ ἐπικοσμῆσαι, περιουσίᾳ δόξης καὶ ἀφθονίᾳ γιγνόμενον.
For to those who are truly and firmly good, to honor someone of those who are worthy is the most beautiful honor, and to adorn them further is the most becoming ornament, arising from an abundance and ungrudgingness of reputation.
οἱ δὲ γλίσχροι περὶ τοὺς ἑτέρων ἐπαίνους ἔτι πένεσθαι καὶ πεινῆν ἐοίκασι τῶν ἰδίων.
But those who are stingy concerning the praises of others seem still to be poor and hungry for their own.
ὁ δʼ ἐναντίος αὖ πάλιν τούτων, μηδὲν ἐπικρίνων ἀλλὰ κατὰ ῥῆμα καὶ συλλαβὴν ἐφιστάμενος καὶ κεκραγώς, ἐλαφρός τις ὢν καὶ ὀρνεώδης, πολλάκις μὲν οὐδʼ αὐτοῖς ἀρέσκει τοῖς ἀγωνιζομένοις, ἀεὶ δὲ λυπεῖ τοὺς ἀκροωμένους, ἀνασοβῶν καὶ συνεξανιστὰς παρὰ γνώμην, οἷον ἑλκομένους βίᾳ διʼ αἰδῶ καὶ συνεπηχοῦντας.
On the other hand, the one who is opposite to these, judging nothing but standing up and crying out at every word and syllable, being light and bird-like, often does not please even the competitors themselves, and always annoys the listeners, startling them and making them rise up together against their will, as if dragged by force through shame and joining in the applause.
οὐδὲν δʼ ὠφεληθεὶς διὰ τὸ ταραχώδη καὶ πολυπτόητον αὐτῷ περὶ τοὺς ἐπαίνους γεγονέναι τὴν ἀκρόασιν ἀπέρχεται τῶν τριῶν ἓν φερόμενος εἴρων γὰρ ἢ κόλαξ ἢ περὶ λόγους ἀπειρόκαλος ἔδοξεν εἶναι.
And having benefited nothing because his listening concerning praises became turbulent and fluttering, he departs carrying away one of the three things; for he is thought to be either a dissembler, a flatterer, or a person of bad taste concerning discourse.
δίκην μὲν οὖν δικάζοντα δεῖ μήτε πρὸς ἔχθραν τινὰ μήτε πρὸς χάριν ἀκούειν ἀλλʼ ἀπὸ γνώμης πρὸς τὸ δίκαιον· ἐν δὲ ταῖς φιλολόγοις ἀκροάσεσιν οὔτε νόμος οὐδεὶς οὔτε ὅρκος ἡμᾶς ἀπείργει μὴ μετʼ εὐνοίας ἀποδέχεσθαι τὸν διαλεγόμενον.
Therefore, one who judges a lawsuit must listen neither with any hostility nor with favor, but from his judgment toward what is just; but in scholarly listening, no law and no oath prevents us from receiving the speaker with goodwill.
ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν Ἑρμῆν ταῖς Χάρισιν οἱ παλαιοὶ συγκαθίδρυσαν, ὡς μάλιστα τοῦ λόγου τὸ κεχαρισμένον καὶ προσφιλὲς ἀπαιτοῦντος.
On the contrary, the ancients also established Hermes together with the Graces, because discourse especially demands what is pleasing and friendly.
οὐδὲ γὰρ οἷόν τε παντελῶς οὕτως ἐκβόλιμον εἶναι τὸν λέγοντα καὶ διημαρτημένον, ὥστε μήτε νοῦν τινα παρασχεῖν ἄξιον ἐπαίνου μήτʼ ἀπομνημόνευσιν ἑτέρων μήτʼ αὐτὴν τὴν ὑπόθεσιν τοῦ λόγου καὶ προαίρεσιν, ἀλλὰ μηδὲ λέξιν ἢ διάθεσιν τῶν λεγομένων,
For indeed it is not possible for a speaker to be so completely cast-out and mistaken as to afford neither some intellect worthy of praise, nor a recollection of others' sayings, nor the very subject-matter and purpose of the discourse, nor even the style or arrangement of what is spoken.