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Plutarch · Life of Otho §17.1-17.5

Otho's Suicide and the Mourning of the Soldiers

Passage 17 of 18 · Greek

Summary

Otho prepares for his death by distributing his possessions to his servants in the evening and commits suicide by falling on his sword at dawn. His soldiers, deeply grieving, honor his body, and their devotion to him transforms into an incurable hatred toward Vitellius.

§17.1ἤδη δὲ ἑσπέρας οὔσης ἐδίψησε, καὶ πιὼν ὀλίγον ὕδατος, δυεῖν ὄντων αὐτῷ ξιφῶν, ἑκατέρου κατεμάνθανε τὸ σπάσμα πολὺν χρόνον, καὶ τὸ ἕτερον ἀπέδωκε, θάτερον δὲ εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας ἀναλαβὼν τοὺς οἰκέτας προσεκαλεῖτο.
Since it was already evening, he became thirsty, and having drunk a little water, as he had two swords, he thoroughly examined the blade of each for a long time, and returned one, but taking the other in his arms, he called his servants.
καὶ φιλοφρονούμενος διένεμε τῶν χρημάτων τῷ μὲν πλέον, τῷ δὲ ἔλαττον, οὐχ ὥσπερ ἀλλοτρίων ἀφειδῶν, ἀλλὰ τὸ κατʼ ἀξίαν καὶ τὸ μέτριον ἐπιμελῶς φυλάττων.
And showing his kindness, he distributed money, to some more and to others less, not as if wasting what belonged to others, but carefully observing what was fitting and moderate.
§17.2ἀποπέμψας δὲ τούτους ἤδη τὸ λοιπὸν ἀνεπαύετο τῆς νυκτός, ὥστε τοὺς κατευναστὰς αἰσθάνεσθαι βαθέως αὐτοῦ καθεύδοντος.
Having sent them away, he rested for the remainder of the night, so that the chamberlains perceived him sleeping deeply.
ὄρθρου δὲ καλέσας ἀπελεύθερον ᾧ συνδιῴκησε τὰ περὶ τοὺς συγκλητικούς, μαθεῖν προσέταξε καὶ πυθόμενος γεγονέναι τοῖς ἀπερχομένοις ὧν ἕκαστος ἔχρῃζεν, ἴθι τοίνυν, ἔφη, σύ, καὶ ποίει τοῖς στρατιώταις ἐμφανῆ σεαυτόν, εἰ μὴ θέλεις κακῶς ὑπʼ αὐτῶν ἀποθανεῖν ὡς ἐμοὶ συμπράξας τὸν θάνατον. §17.3ἐξελθόντος δὲ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τὸ ξίφος ὑποστήσας ὀρθὸν ἀμφοτέραις ταῖς χερσί, καὶ περιπεσὼν ἄνωθεν, ὅσον ἅπαξ στενάξαι μόνον ᾔσθετο τοῦ πόνου καὶ τοῖς ἐκτὸς αἴσθησιν παρέσχεν.
At daybreak, having called the freedman with whom he had managed the affairs concerning the senators, he ordered him to find out what had happened; and having learned that everything each of the departing men needed had been provided, he said, "Go then, show yourself to the soldiers, unless you wish to be miserably killed by them as having assisted me in my death." When the man had gone out, Otho held the sword upright with both hands, and falling upon it from above, felt only so much pain as to utter a single groan, and made those outside aware of his end.
ἀραμένων δὲ τῶν παίδων οἰμωγὴν εὐθὺς ἅπαν τὸ στρατόπεδον καὶ τὴν πόλιν ἐπεῖχε κλαυθμός· καὶ μετὰ βοῆς οἱ στρατιῶται εἰσέπεσον ἐπὶ τὰς θύρας καὶ ὠλοφύροντο, περιπαθοῦντες καὶ λοιδοροῦντες ἑαυτοὺς μὴ φυλάξαντας τὸν αὐτοκράτορα μηδὲ κωλύσαντας ἀποθανεῖν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν.
When his servants raised a wailing, immediately the whole camp and the city were filled with lamentation; and with shouting the soldiers rushed to the doors and wailed, being deeply moved and reproaching themselves for not having guarded the Emperor nor prevented him from dying for them.
§17.4ἀπέστη δὲ οὐδεὶς τῶν κατʼ αὐτόν, ἐγγὺς ὄντων τῶν πολεμίων, ἀλλὰ κοσμήσαντες τὸ σῶμα καὶ πυρὰν κατασκευάσαντες ἐξεκόμιζον ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις οἱ φθάσαντες ὑποδῦναι καὶ βαστάσαι τὸ λέχος ἐπιγαυρούμενοι.
Not one of his men departed, even though the enemy were near, but having adorned the body and prepared a funeral pyre, those who succeeded in getting under the bier and carrying it carried it out in their armor, feeling highly honored.
τῶν δὲ ἄλλων οἱ μὲν τὸ τραῦμα τοῦ νεκροῦ κατεφίλουν προσπίπτοντες, οἱ δὲ ἥπτοντο τῶν χειρῶν, οἱ δὲ προσεκύνουν πόρρωθεν.
Of the others, some fell down and kissed the wound of the dead man, some grasped his hands, and others did obeisance from afar.
ἔνιοι δὲ τῇ πυρᾷ λαμπάδας ὑφέντες ἑαυτοὺς ἀπέσφαξαν, οὐδὲν ἐκδήλως οὔτε πεπονθότες χρηστὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ τεθνηκότος οὔτε πείσεσθαι δεινὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ κρατοῦντος δεδιότες.
Some, after putting torches to the pyre, slaughtered themselves, having neither received any conspicuous favor from the deceased, nor fearing any terrible treatment from the victor.
§17.5ἀλλʼ ἔοικε μηδενὶ τῶν πώποτε τυράννων ἢ βασιλέων δεινὸς οὕτως ἔρως ἐγγενέσθαι καὶ περιμανὴς τοῦ ἄρχειν, ὡς ἐκεῖνοι τοῦ ἄρχεσθαι καὶ ὑπακούειν Ὄθωνος ἠράσθησαν οὕς γε μηδʼ ἀποθανόντος ὁ πόθος προὔλιπεν, ἀλλὰ παρέμεινεν εἰς ἀνήκεστον ἔχθος Οὐϊτελλίῳ τελευτήσας.
But it seems that in no tyrant or king of any time did so terrible and frantic a passion for ruling arise as did their passion for being ruled and obeying Otho; for even after his death, their longing did not leave them, but in the end remained as an incurable hatred toward Vitellius.

Notes

  1. 17.1ἑκατέρου κατεμάνθανε τὸ σπάσμα — The noun σπάσμα means 'that which is drawn,' referring here to the 'blade' of the unsheathed swords. The imperfect verb κατεμάνθανε describes Otho’s prolonged, careful examination of the sharpness and condition of each blade for his suicide.
  2. 17.3ὅσον ἅπαξ στενάξαι μόνον ᾔσθετο τοῦ πόνου — The pronoun ὅσον with the infinitive στενάξαι expresses the limit or degree ('only so much as to groan once'). Combined with ᾔσθετο τοῦ πόνου ('he felt the pain'), it indicates that the pain of his self-inflicted wound lasted only for a single groan, showing how instantly fatal the act was.
  3. 17.5τελευτήσας — An aorist active participle in the nominative masculine singular, agreeing with the subject ὁ πόθος ('longing'). It adverbially describes the ultimate turn or result of their devotion ('their longing, ending up as/turning into an incurable hatred toward Vitellius, remained').

Cite this passage

Plutarch, Life of Otho §17.1-17.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg066.humanitext-grc2:17.1-17.5

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