§9.1πρῶτον μὲν οὖν τὰ περὶ τὰς τάξεις καὶ τοὺς ὁπλισμοὺς φαύλως ἔχοντα τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς ἐκίνησεν.
First, then, he altered what was in a bad state concerning the formations and the armaments for the Achaeans.
ἐχρῶντο μὲν γὰρ θνρεοῖς μὲν εὐπετέσι διὰ λεπτότητα καὶ στενωτέροις τοῦ περιστέλλειν τὰ σώματα, δόρασι δὲ μικροτέροις πολὺ τῶν σαρισῶν καὶ διὰ τοῦτο πλῆκται καὶ μάχιμοι πόρρωθεν ἦσαν ὑπὸ κουφότητος, προσμίξαντες δὲ τοῖς πολεμίοις ἔλαττον εἶχον·
For they used shields which were handy indeed because of their thinness, but too narrow to protect their bodies, and spears much smaller than the sarissas; and for this reason they were active and combative from a distance owing to their lightness, but having come to close quarters with the enemy, they were at a disadvantage.
§9.2εἶδος δὲ τάξεως καὶ σχήματος εἰς σπεῖραν οὐκ ἦν σύνηθες, φάλαγγι δὲ χρώμενοι μήτε προβολὴν ἐχούσῃ μήτε συνασπισμὸν ὡς ἡ Μακεδόνων, ῥᾳδίως ἐξεθλίβοντο καὶ διεσπῶντο.
And a kind of formation and arrangement into a cohort was not customary, and employing a phalanx which had neither a projection of spears nor a locking of shields like that of the Macedonians, they were easily pushed back and broken up.
ταῦτα ὁ Φιλοποίμην διδάξας ἔπεισεν αὐτοὺς ἀντὶ μὲν θυρεοῦ καὶ δόρατος ἀσπίδα λαβεῖν καὶ σάρισαν, κράνεσι δὲ καὶ θώραξι καὶ περικνημῖσι πεφραγμένους μόνιμον καὶ βεβηκυῖαν ἀντὶ δρομικῆς καὶ πελταστικῆς μάχην ἀσκεῖν.
Philopoemen, having pointed out these things, persuaded them to take a shield and a sarissa instead of the light shield and the spear, and, being protected by helmets, breastplates, and greaves, to practice a steadfast and stable battle instead of one that was running and peltast-like.
§9.3πείσας δὲ καθοπλίσασθαι τοὺς ἐν ἡλικίᾳ πρῶτον μὲν ἐπῆρε θαρρεῖν ὡς ἀμάχους γεγονότας, ἔπειτα τὰς τρυφὰς αὐτῶν καὶ τὰς πολυτελείας ἄριστα μετεκόσμησεν.
And having persuaded those of military age to arm themselves fully, first he raised their spirits to be confident as having become invincible, and then he most excellently transformed their luxuries and extravagances.
ἀφελεῖν γὰρ οὐκ ἦν παντάπασιν ἐκ πολλοῦ νοσούντων τὸν κενὸν καὶ μάταιον ζῆλον, ἐσθῆτας ἀγαπώντων περιττάς στρωμνάς τε βαπτομένων ἁλουργεῖς καὶ περὶ δεῖπνα φιλοτιμουμένων καὶ τραπέζας.
For it was not possible to remove altogether the empty and vain zeal from those who had been sick with it for a long time, since they loved excessive garments, dyed their bedding purple, and vied with one another in dinners and banquets.
§9.4ὁ δὲ ἀρξάμενος ἐκτρέπειν ἀπὸ τῶν οὐκ ἀναγκαίων ἐπὶ τὰ χρήσιμα καὶ καλὰ τὴν φιλοκοσμίαν, ταχὺ πάντας ἔπεισε καὶ παρώρμησε τὰς καθʼ ἡμέραν περὶ σῶμα δαπάνας κολούσαντας ἐν ταῖς στρατιωτικαῖς καὶ πολεμικαῖς παρασκευαῖς διαπρεπεῖς ὁρᾶσθαι κεκοσμημένους.
But he, beginning to divert their love of adornment from unnecessary things to what was useful and honorable, quickly persuaded and urged them all to curtail their daily expenses on their bodies, and to be seen conspicuously adorned in military and warlike preparations.
§9.5ἦν οὖν ἰδεῖν τὰ μὲν ἐργαστήρια μεστὰ κατακοπτομένων κυλίκων καὶ Θηρικλείων, χρυσουμένων δὲ θωράκων καὶ καταργυρουμένων θυρεῶν καὶ χαλινῶν, τὰ δὲ στάδια πώλων δαμαζομένων καὶ νεανίσκων ὁπλομαχούντων, ἐν δὲ ταῖς χερσὶ τῶν γυναικῶν κράνη καὶ πτερὰ βαφαῖς κοσμούμενα καὶ χιτώνων ἱππικῶν καὶ στρατιωτικῶν χλαμύδων διηνθισμένων· §9.6ἡ δʼ ὄψις αὕτη τὸ θάρσος αὔξουσα καὶ παρακαλοῦσα τὴν ὁρμὴν ἐποίει φιλοπαράβολον καὶ πρόθυμον ἐπὶ τοὺς κινδύνους.
So one could see the workshops full of drinking cups and Thericlean vessels being melted down, and of breastplates being gilded, and shields and bridles being silvered over, and the race-courses full of colts being broken in and of young men practicing arms, and in the hands of the women, helmets and plumes being adorned with dyes, and cavalry tunics and military cloaks being embroidered with flowers; and this sight, increasing their courage and summoning their passion, made them risk-loving and eager for dangers.
§9.7ἡ μὲν γὰρ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις θεάμασι πολυτέλεια τρυφὴν ἐπάγεται καὶ μαλακίαν ἐνδίδωσι τοῖς χρωμένοις, ὥσπερ ὑπὸ νυγμῶν καὶ γαργαλισμῶν τῆς αἰσθήσεως συνεπικλώσης τὴν διάνοιαν, ἡ δʼ εἰς τὰ τοιαῦτα ῥώννυσι καὶ μεγαλύνει τὸν θυμόν, ὥσπερ Ὅμηρος ἐποίησε τὸν Ἀχιλλέα τῶν καινῶν ὅπλων παρατεθέντων ἐγγὺς ὑπὸ τῆς ὄψεως οἷον ὀργῶντα καὶ φλεγόμενον πρὸς τὴν διʼ αὐτῶν ἐνέργειαν.
For luxury in other spectacles brings on effeminacy and gives rise to softness in those who use them, as if the mind were bent and weakened along with the prickings and ticklings of sensation; but luxury directed toward such things strengthens and magnifies the spirit, just as Homer made Achilles, when the new arms were laid near him, as it were, swell with rage and burn toward the activity through them at their sight.
οὕτω δὲ κοσμήσας τοὺς νέους ἐγύμναζε καὶ διεπόνει, ταῖς κινήσεσι προθύμως ὑπακούοντας καὶ φιλοτίμως.
And having thus adorned the young men, he exercised and disciplined them, as they eagerly and emulationally obeyed the movements.
§9.8καὶ γὰρ ἡ τάξις θαυμαστῶς ἠγαπᾶτο ἄθραυστόν τι λαμβάνειν πύκνωμα δοκοῦσα, καὶ τὰ ὅπλα τοῖς σώμασιν ἐγίνετο χειροήθη καὶ κοῦφα, μεθʼ ἡδονῆς διὰ λαμπρότητα καὶ κάλλος ἁπτομένων καὶ φορούντων, ἐναγωνίσασθαί τε βουλομένων καὶ διακριθῆναι τάχιστα πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους.
For indeed the formation was wonderfully loved, seeming to acquire an unbreakable density, and the arms became handy and light for their bodies, as they touched and wore them with pleasure because of their brightness and beauty, and wishing to contend and to join issue as quickly as possible with the enemy.