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Plutarch · Life of Philopoemen §3.1-3.4

Philopoemen's Character and Rejection of Athletics

Passage 3 of 21 · Greek

Summary

This chunk describes Philopoemen's character and his admiration for Epaminondas, explaining how he rejected athletic training in his youth in favor of military preparation, and later as general banned athletics.

§3.1τοῦ δʼ ἤθους τὸ φιλότιμον οὐκ ἦν παντάπασι φιλονεικίας καθαρὸν οὐδʼ ὀργῆς ἀπηλλαγμένον ἀλλὰ καίπερ Ἐπαμεινώνδου βουλόμενος εἶναι μάλιστα ζηλωτής, τὸ δραστήριον καὶ συνετὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ ὑπὸ χρημάτων ἀπαθὲς ἰσχυρῶς ἐμιμεῖτο, τῷ δὲ πρᾴῳ καὶ βαθεῖ καὶ φιλανθρώπῳ παρὰ τὰς πολιτικὰς διαφορὰς ἐμμένειν οὐ δυνάμενος διʼ ὀργὴν καὶ φιλονεικίαν μᾶλλον ἐδόκει στρατιωτικῆς ἢ πολιτικῆς ἀρετῆς οἰκεῖος εἶναι.
His ambitious nature was not altogether free from contentiousness, nor exempt from anger; but although he wished above all to be a zealous imitator of Epaminondas, and strongly copied his activity, intelligence, and freedom from the influence of money, yet because of his anger and contentiousness he was unable to remain steadfast in the other's mildness, depth, and humanity in political disputes, and so seemed more suited to military than to political virtue.
§3.2καὶ γὰρ ἐκ παίδων εὐθὺς ἦν φιλοστρατιώτης, καὶ τοῖς πρὸς τοῦτο χρησίμοις μαθήμασιν ὑπήκουε προθύμως, ὁπλομαχεῖν καὶ ἱππεύειν.
For indeed from his very childhood he was fond of soldiering, and eagerly applied himself to the studies useful for this, namely, fighting in armor and riding.
ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ παλαίειν εὐφυῶς ἐδόκει καὶ παρεκάλουν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν ἄθλησιν ἔνιοι τῶν φίλων καὶ τῶν ἐπιτρόπων, ἠρώτησεν αὐτούς μή τι πρὸς τὴν στρατιωτικὴν ἄσκησιν ὑπὸ τῆς ἀθλήσεως βλαβήσοιτο.
Since he seemed also to have a natural talent for wrestling, and some of his friends and guardians urged him to athletic training, he asked them whether his military training would be at all harmed by athletics.
§3.3τῶν δὲ φαμένων, ὅπερ ἦν, ἀθλητικὸν στρατιωτικοῦ σῶμα καὶ βίον διαφέρειν τοῖς πᾶσι, μάλιστα δὲ δίαιταν ἑτέραν καὶ ἄσκησιν εἶναι, τῶν μὲν ὕπνῳ τε πολλῷ καὶ πλησμοναῖς ἐνδελεχέσι καὶ κινήσεσί τεταγμέναις καὶ ἡσυχίαις αὐξόντων τε καὶ διαφυλαττόντων τὴν ἕξιν ὑπὸ πάσης ῥοπῆς καὶ παρεκβάσεως τοῦ συνήθους ἀκροσφαλῆ πρὸς μεταβολὴν οὖσαν, τὰ δὲ πάσης μὲν πλάνης ἔμπειρα καὶ πάσης ἀνωμαλίας προσῆκον εἶναι, μάλιστα δὲ φέρειν ῥᾳδίως μὲν ἔνδειαν εἰθισμένα, §3.4ῥᾳδίως δὲ ἀγρυπνίαν, ἀκούσας ὁ Φιλοποίμην οὐ μόνον αὐτὸς ἔφυγε τὸ πρᾶγμα καὶ κατεγέλασεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ στρατηγῶν ὕστερον ἀτιμίαις καὶ προπηλακισμοῖς, ὅσον ἦν ἐπʼ αὐτῷ, πᾶσαν ἄθλησιν ἐξέβαλεν ὡς τὰ χρησιμώτατα τῶν σωμάτων εἰς τοὺς ἀναγκαίους ἀγῶνας ἄχρηστα ποιοῦσαν.
When they said, what was indeed the case, that the body and life of an athlete differed in every way from those of a soldier, and especially that their diet and training were different—since the athletes increased and preserved their condition by much sleep, constant repletion, and regular movements and rests, being precarious under any change and variation from their custom, while the soldier's body ought to be experienced in all wandering and all irregularity, and especially accustomed to bear easily lack of food and easily also lack of sleep—Philopoemen, having heard this, not only avoided the thing himself and mocked it, but also later as general, by means of dishonors and insults, as far as lay in his power, banished all athletic training, on the ground that it rendered the most useful bodies useless for the necessary struggles.

Notes

  1. §3.1τῷ δὲ πρᾴῳ καὶ βαθεῖ καὶ φιλανθρώπῳ... ἐμμένειν — Since the verb ἐμμένω (to abide by, stand by) governs the dative case, the substantivized neuter singular adjectives with the article τῷ πρᾴῳ καὶ βαθεῖ καὶ φιλανθρώπῳ (mildness, depth, and humanity) are in the dative. These refer to the qualities of Epaminondas mentioned above.
  2. §3.2μή τι πρὸς τὴν στρατιωτικὴν ἄσκησιν ὑπὸ τῆς ἀθλήσεως βλαβήσοιτο — This is an indirect question introduced by ἠρώτησεν. The particle μή introduces the clause expressing doubt or apprehension, and the optative βλαβήσοιτο (future optative) is used because the governing verb is in a secondary (historical) tense, representing a future indicative in direct speech.
  3. §3.3τῶν μὲν ὕπνῳ τε πολλῷ... τὰ δὲ πάσης μὲν πλάνης... — A contrastive structure with τῶν μὲν and τὰ δέ. The former refers to the athletes (substantivized genitive plural τῶν ἀθλητῶν), while the latter refers to the bodies of the soldiers (substantivized neuter plural τὰ τῶν στρατιωτικῶν σώματα), each accompanied by modifying participles or adjectives.

Cite this passage

Plutarch, Life of Philopoemen §3.1-3.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg027.humanitext-grc2:3.1-3.4

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