Humanitext Reader

Plutarch · Life of Aristides §6.1-6.4

The Surname 'the Just' and Justice as the Divine Virtue

Passage 6 of 27 · Greek

Summary

This chunk introduces how Aristides obtained the divine surname "the Just" due to his justice, contrasting it with worldly rulers who preferred titles of violence, and argues that justice is the most noble and divine attribute, being the only virtue within human power that truly assimilates us to the divine.

§6.1πασῶν δὲ τῶν περὶ αὐτὸν ἀρετῶν ἡ δικαιοσύνη μάλιστα τοῖς πολλοῖς αἴσθησιν παρεῖχε διὰ τὸ τὴν χρείαν ἐνδελεχεστάτην αὐτῆς καὶ κοινοτάτην ὑπάρχειν.
Of all his virtues, his justice made the greatest impression on the multitude, because its practice was the most continuous and most common.
ὅθεν ἀνὴρ πένης καὶ δημοτικὸς ἐκτήσατο τὴν βασιλικωτάτην καὶ θειοτάτην προσηγορίαν τὸν Δίκαιον· §6.2ὃ τῶν βασιλέων καὶ τυράννων οὐδεὶς ἐζήλωσεν, ἀλλὰ Πολιορκηταὶ καὶ Κεραυνοὶ καὶ Νικάτορες, ἔνιοι δʼ Ἀετοὶ καὶ Ἱέρακες ἔχαιρον προσαγορευόμενοι, τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς βίας καὶ τῆς δυνάμεως, ὡς ἔοικε, μᾶλλον ἢ τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρετῆς δόξαν ἀγαπῶντες.
Hence, though a poor man and a commoner, he acquired that most kingly and divine surname, "the Just." This surname none of the kings or tyrants emulated, but they rejoiced in being called "Taker of Cities" (Poliorcetes), "Thunderbolt" (Ceraunus), or "Conqueror" (Nicator), and some even "Eagles" or "Hawks," loving, as it seems, the glory that comes from violence and power rather than that which comes from virtue.
καίτοι τὸ θεῖον, ᾧ γλίχονται συνοικειοῦν καὶ συναφομοιοῦν αὑτούς, τρισὶ δοκεῖ διαφέρειν, ἀφθαρσίᾳ καὶ δυνάμει καὶ ἀρετῇ, ὧν καὶ σεμνότατον ἡ ἀρετὴ καὶ θειότατόν ἐστιν.
And yet the divine, to which they yearn to associate and assimilate themselves, is thought to excel in three things: incorruptibility, power, and virtue; and of these, virtue is both the most venerable and the most divine.
§6.3ἀφθάρτῳ μὲν γὰρ εἶναι καὶ τῷ κενῷ καὶ τοῖς στοιχείοις συμβέβηκε, δύναμιν δὲ καὶ σεισμοὶ καὶ κεραυνοὶ καὶ πνευμάτων ὁρμαὶ καὶ ῥευμάτων ἐπιφοραὶ μεγάλην ἔχουσι, δίκης δὲ καὶ θέμιδος οὐδὲν ὅτι μὴ τῷ φρονεῖν καὶ λογίζεσθαι μεταλαγχάνει.
For to be incorruptible belongs also to the void and to the elements; and as for power, earthquakes, thunderbolts, rushes of wind, and onslaughts of torrents possess it to a great degree; but of justice and law, nothing can partake except through thinking and reasoning.
διὸ καὶ τριῶν ὄντων, ἃ πεπόνθασιν οἱ πολλοὶ πρὸς τὸ θεῖον, ζήλου καὶ φόβου καὶ τιμῆς, ζηλοῦν μὲν αὐτοὺς καὶ μακαρίζειν ἐοίκασι κατὰ τὸ ἄφθαρτον καὶ ἀΐδιον, ἐκπλήττεσθαι δὲ καὶ δεδιέναι κατὰ τὸ κύριον καὶ δυνατόν, ἀγαπᾶν δὲ καὶ τιμᾶν καὶ σέβεσθαι κατὰ τὴν δικαιοσύνην.
Therefore, of the three feelings which the multitude have toward the divine—emulation, fear, and honor—they seem to emulate and beatify them for their incorruptibility and eternity, to be amazed at and fear them for their sovereignty and power, but to love, honor, and revere them for their justice.
§6.4ἀλλά, καίπερ οὕτω διακείμενοι, τῆς μὲν ἀθανασίας, ἣν ἡ φύσις ἡμῶν οὐ δέχεται, καὶ τῆς δυνάμεως, ἧς ἐν τῇ τύχῃ κεῖται τὸ πλεῖστον, ἐπιθυμοῦσι, τὴν δʼ ἀρετήν, ὃ μόνον ἐστὶ τῶν θείων ἀγαθῶν ἐφʼ ἡμῖν, ἐν ὑστέρῳ τίθενται, κακῶς φρονοῦντες, ὡς τὸν ἐν δυνάμει καὶ τύχῃ μεγάλῃ καὶ ἀρχῇ βίον ἡ μὲν δικαιοσύνη ποιεῖ θεῖον, ἡ δʼ ἀδικία θηριώδη.
But, although they are thus disposed, they desire immortality, which our nature does not admit, and power, the greater part of which rests on fortune, while they place virtue, which is the only one of the divine goods in our own power, in the background; thinking falsely that a life spent in great power, fortune, and authority is made divine by justice, but bestial by injustice.

Notes

  1. 6.1διὰ τὸ τὴν χρείαν ἐνδελεχεστάτην αὐτῆς καὶ κοινοτάτην ὑπάρχειν — An adverbial phrase of cause introduced by the preposition `διὰ` with the articular infinitive `τὸ ... ὑπάρχειν`. The accusative `τὴν χρείαν` is the subject accusative of the infinitive, and `αὐτῆς` is an objective genitive referring to `δικαιοσύνη` (justice).
  2. 6.2 — The relative pronoun `ὅ` (neuter singular accusative) refers back to the surname "the Just" (τὸν Δίκαιον) or the general concept of the previous sentence, serving as the direct object of the transitive verb `ἐζήλωσεν`.
  3. 6.2 — The relative pronoun `ᾧ` (neuter singular dative) refers to the antecedent `τὸ θεῖον` (the divine). It is governed by the infinitives `συνοικειοῦν` (to associate) and `συναφομοιοῦν` (to assimilate), both of which take a dative complement.
  4. 6.3οὐδὲν ὅτι μὴ — The phrase `ὅτι μή` is an idiomatic expression meaning "except" or "unless," limiting the subject `οὐδέν` (nothing). The genitives `δίκης δὲ καὶ θέμιδος` are partitive genitives governed by the verb `μεταλαγχάνει` (partake of).
  5. 6.4 — Although the antecedent is the feminine noun `ἀρετήν`, the relative pronoun `ὅ` is neuter singular because it is attracted to the gender of the predicate word `μόνον` (accompanied by the neuter phrase `τῶν θείων ἀγαθῶν`) in the relative clause.

Cite this passage

Plutarch, Life of Aristides §6.1-6.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg024.humanitext-grc2:6.1-6.4

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